- •Physical foundations of oil fields development and enhanced oil recovery methods
- •Introduction
- •1.2 Pool-reservoir properties.
- •1.3. Heterogeneity and anisotropy of reservoirs
- •2.1. Rock pressure and effective pressure.
- •2.2. Reservoir energy types.
- •2.3. The main sources of reservoir energy.
- •2.4. Operation modes of oil deposits.
- •2.5. Elastic-water drive
- •2.6. Dissolved gas drive
- •2.7. Gas cap drive.
- •2.8. Gravity drive
- •3.1. Productive formation.
- •3.2. The reservoir recovery and oil recovery factor (orf).
- •3.3. The well patterns - development systems of production facilities on natural recovery modes.
- •3.4. Enhanced recovery systems
- •3.5. Field development systems
- •3.5.1. Simultaneous production facilities development
- •3.5.2. Successive development systems.
- •3.6. Oil fields development parameters
- •3.6.1. Technological development parameters
- •3.6.2. Borehole grid. Wells’ density.
- •3.6.3. Krylov’s parameters. Compensation factor. Water cut factor.
- •3.6.4. Oil fields development rates.
- •3.6.5. Development stages of the production facilities (oil fields)
- •3.7. Types of water flooding
- •3.7.1. Edge water flooding.
- •3.7.2. Boundary water flooding
- •3.8. Circle water flooding.
- •3.8.1. Direct line drive systems. Their varieties – block systems.
- •3.8.2. Grid water flooding systems.
- •3.8.3. Selective and Spot water flooding.
- •3.8.4. Barrier water flooding system.
- •4.1. Porous formation models.
- •4.1.1. Deterministic model
- •4.1.2. Stochastic-statistical model.
- •4.2.4. Pollard model.
- •4.2.5. Models use peculiarities of the reservoirs of complex structure.
- •4.3. Water saturation and watering.
- •4.4. Reciprocating and non-reciprocating oil displacement.
- •4.4.1. Reciprocating displacement.
- •4.5. Displacement characteristics.
- •5.2. Project documentation.
- •5.3. Field-geologic characteristic of the deposit.
- •5.4. Rational development system.
- •6.1. Geological peculiarities reservoir structure with high-viscosity oil.
- •6.2. The deposit Russkoye
- •6.3. Katangli deposit.
- •6.4. Canada high-viscosity oil deposits.
- •6.5. The main peculiarities of high-viscosity oil deposits development.
- •7.1. Enhanced oil recovery methods classification.
- •7.2. Production stimulation methods (psm)
- •7.3. Enhanced oil recovery methods (eorm)
- •7.4. The forms of residual oil condition.
- •7.5 The reasons of residual oil condition.
- •7.6. The conditions of effective enhanced oil recovery methods use.
- •7.7. Oil deposits management and enhanced oil recovery methods.
- •8.1. Oil displacement by water solutions of surface-active reagents (sar)
- •8.2. Sar adsorption
- •8.3. Sar (surface-active reagent) composition.
- •8.4. Polymer oil displacement.
- •8.5. Micellar-polymer flooding method.
- •8.6. Conformance change or control (straightening the injectivity profile) (cc)
- •8.7. The choice of the areas and wells for injectability profile enhancement technologies implementation.
- •9.1. Filtration flows’ direction changing.
- •9.2. Forced fluid withdrawal (ffw)
- •9.3. Cyclic water flooding.
- •9.4. Combined non-stationary water flooding.
- •10.1. Oil displacement by carbon dioxide (co2).
- •10.2. Oil displacement by hydrocarbon gas
- •10.3. Water-alternated-gas cyclic injection.
- •11.1. Physical processes, happening during oil displacement by heat-transfer agents.
- •11.2. Oil displacement by hot water and steam.
- •11.3. The method of heat margins.
- •11.4. Combined technologies of enhanced oil recovery of high-viscosity oil deposits.
- •11.5. Thermal-polymer reservoir treatment (tpt)
- •11.6. Cyclic steam treatment of producing wells
- •Disp-lace-ment front
- •Ther-mal front
- •Combustion front
- •Disp-lace-ment front
- •Ther-mal front
- •Injection temperature
- •11.8. Thermal-gas method of treatment.
- •12.1. Formation hydraulic fracturing (fhf)
- •12.2. Well operation with horizontal end.
- •12.3. Acoustic methods.
- •Conclusion.
- •The list of symbols and abbreviations.
- •Content
- •Introduction 3
- •4.1. Porous formation models………………………………………………..38
- •4.1.1. Deterministic model……………………………………………………38
5.2. Project documentation.
The format and content of the project document for oil or gas fields development depends on the development stage of the field, complexity and degree of research, its structure and properties, and also prospective technologies and development systems of the field.
The types of documents:
Pilot operation projects
technological schemes of experimental-industrial development
technological schemes of development
Development projects
Improved development projects
Every subsequent project document should be based on the previous one, but it is not always necessary to make up all the above-mentioned set of documents. If the field is situated in the known geological area, with the properties similar to the properties of other developed deposits, then some of documents are not made up (for example, the technological scheme of experimental-industrial operation). Experimental operation of the wells is carried out in a compulsory manner, because it will give the information about the formation and well operation that are necessary to make up the technological schemes.
During the trial operation there is accumulated the information about the production rates of the producing wells and injection capacity of the injection wells, about the bottom-hole and reservoir pressures, changing of pool-reservoir properties the bottom-hole zone, the effectiveness of certain methods of wells operation. If there are any significant doubts in the choice of the production facility, technologies of oil recovery, well pattern then it is necessary to make up the technological project of experimental-industrial development of one or more areas of the field.
The main documents are the technological scheme of development and development project.
In the technological scheme of development there is pointed out the system and development technology. In the process of technological scheme realization there are occurred the main operational drilling of the deposit.
After making up and approval of the technological scheme there should be made up the Facility and Infrastructure setup plan.
The development project is made when the field is 70% drilled, but it is possible yet to make changes in the system and technology. If there is a necessity to make significant changes after development project realization, then the improved development project is set up. After the adoption of technological scheme and development project there is carried out Field development audit on the base of project solutions. Also, there should be carried out the analysis of the actual results and their comparison with the project indicators.
5.3. Field-geologic characteristic of the deposit.
Engineering of oil field development includes the preparation of initial information, creation of formation models, conducting of technological and economic calculations, calculations on the choice of methods and technological equipment for oil production [3,7].
In the calculation of technological parameters of development the initial data – field-geologic characteristics are:
1). General information about the deposit area, they are geographical and administrative location, climate, infrastructure, landform.
2). Geological characteristics of the deposit - stratigraphy, tectonics, oil-and-gas content, hydro-geological conditions, i.e. geological studies of the area.
3). The geological characteristics of the deposit - size, thickness, and dimensions of oil, gas, water-saturated zones.
4). Lithological characteristics of the reservoirs - permeability, porosity, reservoir type, oil-water-saturation, heterogeneity of the structure of the productive strata (the division on the interlayers, net sand, reservoirs’ borders, pinching-out, and so on), the mechanical properties of the reservoir.
5). Physical-chemical properties of the fluids in the formation and standard conditions - volume ratio, density, viscosity, paraffin saturation point, component and fractional composition.
6). Energy characteristics of the deposit - the initial and current formation pressure, the saturation pressure, geothermal gradient, formation water activity. 7). oil and gas reserves (balance, geological).
8) Justification of well design, technique and technology of well operation, systems of primary oil and gas processing;
9) Description of water and gas sources;
10) Justification of ecological safety;
11) Economic characteristics of development options.
On the basis of field-geologic characteristic there can be based the recommendations on the choice of the development system (the order of drilling, requirements to the formation exposing, the allocation of perforation intervals, restrictions on the flow rates and intake capacity).