2. Translate the sentences:

1. The reaction of carbon with oxygen is highly exothermic. 2. Up to now chemistry has largely been a matter of taking natural products of the earth and converting them to man’s uses. 3. This element exists in two readily recognizable modifications: crystalline silicon and amorphous silicon. 4. Mercury oxide can be readily decomposed by heat. 5. There are many reactions which precede readily, some even violently, if a trace of water is present. 6. For nearly 2,000 years ago it was believed that all heavy objects fell faster than light ones. 7. One of the properties common to nearly all nuclear radiations are particles in their ability to ionize. 8. Hydrogen readily combines with fluorine and chlorine. 9. In many cases mixtures and compounds are not so readily distinguished. 10. There is hardly any living substance in nature which does not consist of compounds containing oxygen.

Note: hardly-ледве; highly-дуже, надто; largely-головним чином; nearly- майже; readily- легко.

3. Translate the following word combinations:

main industrial products; mainly in industry; primarily ionic; is of prime importance; the very substance; a very good substance; by means of; near the limit; the means of.

4. Find the pairs of synonyms:

because of, to provide, lately, to learn, to explain, due to, to supply, recently, to account for, to find out.

5. Find the pairs of antonyms:

hard, solid, fast, light, dull, difficult, heavy, bright, weak, easy, liquid, slow, soft, strong.

6. Open the brackets using the correct verb form:

1. Last year our plant (produced, produces) many ceramic goods which (are used, were used) widely. 2. At first man (baked, has baked) vessels of clay in the sun. 3. Recently ceramic compounds (are used, have been used) even in making steel. 4. Numerous analyses (have been carried out, had been carried out) before they stated the exact composition of this compound. 5. Now many scientists (are working, work) at the investigation of the new properties of ceramic. 6. Many new discoveries (took place, have taken place) since the last century. 7. Last week they (analyzed, analyze) crystal structure of the new materials by means of X-ray diffraction. 8. For many years considerable work (has been carried out, was carried out) to convert ethylene into motor fuel. 9. Many beautiful articles made of ceramics (provided, provides) man with tools even in ancient time.

7. Read and translate the texts

Pottery, porcelain, brick, and tile are all very similar in composition and method of manufacture, and with glass they provide the class of materials known as ceramics. These products are made from varying mixtures of clay, silica, and feldspar. The very first of them are usually prepared from natural clays which already contain silica and feldspar. These natural clays are made into a workable mud with water and then fired in special ovens. As the temperature rises, water is first driven from the mixture, then various decomposition products are formed and above 1250˚ C the feldspar fuses and binds the other materials present.

Porcelain is made of very fine white clay known as kaolin. Then very pure sands and feldspar are added.

Glass

Silicate materials include glass, porcelain, enamels and cement. Ordinary glass is a mixture of silicates in the form of super cooled liquid. It is made by melting a mixture of sodium carbonate, limestone and sand. Ordinary glass contains about 10% of sodium, 5% of calcium, and 1% of aluminium; the remainder is silicon and oxygen. It consists of an aluminosilicate tetrahedral framework, within which are embedded sodium ions and calcium ions.

Cement

Portland cement is an aluminosilicate powder which sets to a solid mass on treatment with water. Portland cement before treatment with water consists of a mixture of calcium silicates and calcium aluminate. When treated with water the calcium aluminate hydrolyzes and form calcium hydroxide and aluminium hydroxide. These substances react further with the calcium silicates and produce calcium aluminosilicates in the form of crystals.