- •Навчальний посібник для студентів-технологів
- •Костянтинівка
- •Introduction то chemistry
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer the questions.
- •2. Match the English word combinations with their Ukrainian equivalents;
- •3. Match the Ukrainian word combinations with their English equivalents
- •From the history of chemistry
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •Answer the questions
- •6. Translate the words in the brackets into English:
- •7. Translate the text using a dictionary. Some facts about chemistry
- •D. I. Mendeleyev
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer the questions
- •2. Translate the sentences paying attention to the passive constructions:
- •3. Open the brackets choosing the suitable word. Translate them.
- •Chemistry: key to progress and abundance
- •Vocabulary
- •Fields of chemistry
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •2.Answer the questions.
- •3.Fill in the gaps with suitable words given below.
- •4.Make up sentences out of these words.
- •5. Translate into English.
- •Symbols, formulas and equations
- •Vocabulary
- •Inorganic molecules and compounds
- •Vocabulary
- •Periodic law
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •Answer the questions.
- •True or false?
- •Найважливіші хімічні елементи
- •Rules of reading formulas and equations Правила читання хімічних формул
- •Приклади:
- •The periodic table of d.I. Mendeleyev
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer the questions
- •2. Read and translate the text with vocabulary Joseph Priestley
- •Laboratory equipment
- •2.Learn the words and special term from the list.
- •Describe the functions of each piece of equipment. An experiment in the laboratory
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer the questions
- •2. Give Ukrainian equivalents:
- •3. Translate the sentences:
- •4. Make the questions to the sentences:
- •The molecular theory of matter and the states of matter
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer the questions
- •2. Give English equivalents:
- •3. Give Ukrainian equivalents:
- •4. Translate the sentences:
- •Atomic structure
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer the questions
- •2. Give Ukrainian equivalents:
- •3. Give English equivalents:
- •8. Read and translate the text Molecules
- •Chemical and physical changes
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer the questions
- •Find the pairs of synonyms:
- •Find the pairs of antonyms:
- •4. Translate the following sentences, mind the Participles:
- •5. Open the brackets translating the Ukrainian words:
- •Nuclear fission
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer the questions
- •2. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •Open the brackets choosing the suitable word and translate them into
- •4. Translate the text in writing
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •5. Read and translate the text The Temperature Scales
- •Exercises
- •1. Give Ukrainian equivalents:
- •2. Give English equivalents:
- •Liquids
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •1. Find Ukrainian equivalents:
- •2. Find English equivalents:
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer the questions
- •2. Give synonyms:
- •3. Translate the following sentences:
- •Acids and bases
- •1. Extremely useful – надзвичайно корисні
- •2. Are common to all – загальні для всіх
- •3. Acetic acid - оцтова кислота
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer the following questions.
- •2. Complete the sentences (use the text).
- •3. Characterize acids and bases using the following plan.
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •Chlorine
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer the questions.
- •Make up a description of any element you like. Hydrochloric acid
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •Match English word combinations with their Ukrainian equivalents.
- •Answer the questions.
- •Solutions
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •Answer the questions
- •2. Translate the following sentences:
- •Nitrogen
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •Match English word combinations with their Ukrainian equivalents.
- •Answer the questions.
- •Silicon
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •Match English word combinations with their Ukrainian equivalents.
- •Answer the questions
- •Cellulose
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •Answer the questions.
- •Analytical chemistry methods of analysis
- •Methods of separation
- •Ion exchange methods in analytical chemistry
- •Ionization
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •Chromatography and ion exchange technique
- •Chromatography techniques
- •Gas analysis
- •Some physical methods used in gas analysis
- •Extraction
- •Precipitation
- •Electrolysis
- •Polymers
- •Notes and commentary
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer the questions.
- •2. Match English word combinations with their Ukrainian equivalents.
- •3. Match Russian word combinations with their English equivalents.
- •Retell text using questions from Ex. 1 as a plan.
- •5. Read, translate and do the tasks.
- •Some applications of polymers
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •1. Read and translate the sentences. Correct the false statements.
- •2. Read the text, translate it in written form using dictionary.
- •The nature of polymeric materials
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer the questions
- •Find the pairs of synonyms:
- •Find the pairs of antonyms:
- •Choose the Ukrainian equivalents from the right column:
- •5. Translate the sentences
- •6. Open the brackets choosing the suitable verb:
- •7. Open the brackets choosing the correct form of the verb:
- •7. Translate the text in writing
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer the questions
- •2.Translate the following word-combinations:
- •Translate into English:
- •4. Open the brackets translating the Ukrainian words into English:
- •5. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •6. Translate the text using a dictionary
- •Microbiological production of industrial chemicals
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer the questions
- •Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian, mind the sentences of the predicate:
- •3. Translate the following sentences into English, mind the use of the tenses:
- •4. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian
- •5. Translate from Ukrainian into English
- •The chemical elements essential to life
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer the questions
- •2. Find the pairs of synonyms:
- •Find the pairs of antonyms:
- •4. Translate paying attention to the meanings of the word “provide”
- •5. Open the brackets translating the Ukrainian words into English
- •6. Translate the text with a dictionary Hydrogen in industry
- •Plastics
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •Answer the questions.
- •Glass and glass products
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •Translate into Ukrainian the following international words.
- •Match English word combinations with their Ukrainian equivalents.
- •Answer the questions.
- •The nature of ceramics
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer the questions
- •2. Translate the sentences:
- •7. Read and translate the texts
- •Ceramics
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •Translate the following international words into Ukrainian.
- •Answer the questions.
- •What is ecology?
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer the questions
- •2. Translate the following sentences:
- •3. Translate the sentences:
- •The water problem
- •Pollution
- •Air pollution
- •Water pollution
- •Earth pollution
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer the questions
- •2. Translate the following word-combinations:
- •3. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:
- •4. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •5. Write the translation of the following text Lead
- •The environmental protection
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •1. Match the words:
- •2. Translate the sentences into English:
- •3. Put 4 types of the questions to the sentences:
- •4. Translate the text
- •Radioactivity
- •Notes on the text
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •4. Read and translate the text The discovery of X-Rays and Radioactivity
- •5. Open the brackets and translate the sentence into Ukrainian:
- •Chernobyl nuclear power station
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •Protection of the environment
- •Industry of ukraine
- •Chemical industry
- •Texts for reading glass
- •Glass history natural glasses
- •Early glasses
- •Blowing, (b) cutting and (c) flattening. Modern glasses soda-lime-silica glasses
- •Cutting and drilling of glass
- •Glass cutting principle (scribing, flexuring).
- •Applications of glass
- •Glazing
- •Containers
- •Optical glass
- •Glass fibres for insulation and reinforcement
- •Borate and related glasses
- •Window glass
- •Sheet wire glass
- •Stemalite
- •Hardened glass for ship’s port holes
- •Safety glass for ground transport
- •Slag glass-ceramic
- •Mechanics of Glass Processes
- •Batching
- •Melting
- •Float Process
- •Fusion Draw
- •Pressing
- •Fibre Process
- •Tensile Drawing
- •Centrifugal Drawing
- •Wool fibre drawing process
- •Types of glass
- •Glass industry of ukraine
- •Glossary
- •Reference list
- •Contents
Exercises
1. Find Ukrainian equivalents:
1. essential part а. хімічно чистий
2. all over again b. мінеральна речовина
3. chemically pure c. електрична іскра
4. mineral substance d. все спочатку
5. an electric spark e. суттєва роль
2. Find English equivalents:
1. безколірна рідина а. dissolved gases
2. пропускати іскру b. to pass a spark
3. чиста вода c. mobile liquid
4. рухома рідина d. pure water
5. розчинні гази e. colourless liquid
SOLIDS
Solids are usually described as hard, at least compared with liquids, and as having a definite shape. A powder does not appear to have a definite shape; we can make it into a pointed heap or a flat heap, but in a heap of powder we are looking at quantities of grains each of which has a definite shape. On examining a little piece of common salt under a microscope it will be seen to consist of tiny cubes, some of them damaged, but there will be some perfect ones.
All these substances having a fixed shape are called crystals. Thus we can say that a solid is a crystalline substance. It is not always easy to see the crystals, even through a microscope and at one time it was thought that a powder such as chalk was amorphous, a word which means without shape. However, we now know that chalk is a crystalline substance and even metals are made of exceedingly tiny crystals packed very close together. Now, we know that a crystal of common salt is composed of millions of sodium ions and chlorine ions holding together by electrical attraction, and since chemists have been able to "look" inside a very tiny crystal by means of X-rays, it has been discovered that sodium and chlorine ions are always arranged in a very regular pattern in relation to one another.
Vocabulary
inside - всередині compare - порівнювати packed - складений consist of – складатися з будь-чого point - точка damage - пошкоджувати, псувати powder - порошок |
exceedingly - надзвичайно regular - вірний, нормальний flat - плаский grain - зерно relation - відношення heap - куча, маса chalk - крейда |
Exercises
1. Answer the questions
1. Has powder a definite shape?
2. What do we see if we examine common salt under a microscope?
3. What do we call crystals?
4. Is solid a crystalline substance?
5. What can you say about chalk?
6. What is a crystal of common salt composed of?
7. How are sodium and chlorine ions arranged in a crystal?