
- •Contents:
- •The noun Классификация существительных
- •Притяжательный падеж имён существительных (The Possessive case (s'/'s).
- •The article
- •Test on articles usage
- •The adjective
- •Interesting more/less interesting the most/least
- •Interesting
- •It was an expensive large round antique dark spotted Italian wooden tray.
- •The numeral
- •Дробные числительные
- •0.35 (.35) – Nought point three five/o point three five/ point three five
- •Для обозначения номеров домов, квартир, комнат, автобусов, рейсов самолётов, глав и страниц книг и т.Д. Обычно употребляются количественные числительные:
- •Грамматические свойства числительных
- •The adverb
- •I usually get up at seven o'clock.
- •I have never seen him.
- •The pronoun
- •1.Personal Pronouns
- •2.Possessive Pronouns
- •I saw him somewhere.
- •Is there anything I can do for you?
- •I cannot see him anywhere.
- •I have a few friends in Holland.
- •I've got only few pencils in the box.
- •Test on pronouns usage
- •The verb
- •I study at the Belarusian Jurisprudence Institute. Личные и неличные формы глагола
- •Основные формы глагола и времена
- •Правильные и неправильные глаголы
- •Классификация глаголов
- •Наклонение
- •If I were you, I should confess the fault freely.
- •It takes me only a few minutes to cook this dish.
- •Времена глаголов
- •The imperative mood
- •Present tenses
- •I take he takes
- •The present continuous (present progressive) tense
- •The present perfect tense
- •I have just come and I haven't had my dinner yet.
- •I haven't seen him today.
- •I haven't seen you for ages.
- •For/ since/ ago
- •The present perfect continuous tense
- •I've been working in the garden all day long.
- •I've known Jack for five years.
- •Past tenses the past indefinite (past simple) tense
- •I bought this book in Minsk.
- •I told him I didn't like fishing.
- •The past continuous (past progressive) tense
- •It was snowing all day yesterday.
- •The past perfect tense
- •The Past Indefinite (Past Simple) / Past Continuous (Past Progressive) / Past Perfect Continuous / Past Prefect Tense. Test
- •Future tenses
- •I'm going to present them to my little brother.
- •The Future Continuous (Future Progressive) Tense
- •I’ll be expecting you at 4 o’clock sharp.
- •It’s no use trying to see your teacher at 10. He will be giving a lesson at that time.
- •I’ll be seeing him this afternoon.
- •Future in the past
- •Sequence of tenses
- •I thought you were born in 1970.
- •Test sequence of tenses
- •The reported (indirect) speech
- •Reported speech test 1
- •Modal verbs
- •I shall be able to come earlier today.
- •It became dark in the room, and he had to switch on the light because he wanted to write the reply letter immedietly.
- •I don't have to get early today; it's my day off.
- •I was to see the doctor at 2 o'clock.
- •It may rain today.
- •I will gladly help you.
- •Test on modal verbs usage
- •The passive voice
- •The passive voice test 1
- •C) will have been X-rayed
- •The Tower of London
- •The subjunctive mood
- •I shouldn't write a letter to him, if I didn't know his address.
- •I souldn't have written a letter to him, if I hadn't known his address.
- •Conditional sentences
- •1.Если он придет завтра, я помогу ему.
- •2. Если бы он пришел завтра, я бы помог ему.
- •3. Если бы он пришел вчера, я бы помог ему.
- •Test on conditional sentences
- •B. Would be e. Would help
- •B. Wouldn’t have worked e. Hadn’t become
- •C. Had worked f. Won’t be sweeping
- •Inversion
- •The infinitive
- •I must go and see him.
- •I'm glad to have seen you.
- •It must have been a pleasant dream.
- •I was going to ask you to come with us.
- •I'm sorry to disturb you.
- •I want you to help me.
- •I ask you not to be late this time.
- •I saw him cross the street.
- •It's difficult for first-year students to read such texts.
- •It's necessary for me to know her new address. (сложное подлежащее)
- •The gerund
- •I don't remember seeing (having seen) him before.
- •In the morning light, she was ashamed of herself for having been elated the night before.
- •1. Дополнение после глаголов и словосочетаний:
- •The participle
- •I'm very much obliged to you.
- •Is the door locked?
- •Types of questions
- •Test 2 special questions
- •There is / there are
- •Is there anything in the room?
- •If we have spare time we shall visit the British Museum.
- •Союзные слова
- •The preposition
- •Предлоги места
- •Предлоги направления
- •At обозначает точку во времени:
- •In the evening – вечером (с 6 до 10 часов)
- •We have lessons from 8 a.M. Till 2 p.M.
- •Test on prepositions usage.
- •Conjunctions and prerositions
- •Word order
- •In summer Peter wrote them letters very often.
- •I usually get up at seven o'clock.
- •I have never seen him.
- •It was an expensive large round antique dark spotted Italian wooden tray.
- •Phrasal verbs reference The grammar of phrasal verbs
There is / there are
В английском языке есть предложения, начинающиеся конструкций there is/there are/there was/there were/there will be. В таких предложениях подлежащее, которое обычно выражено существительным, стоит после глагола to be (т.е. после is, are, was, were, will be).
Оборот с вводящей конструкцией there is/there are служит для выражения наличия (отсутствия) какого-либо предмета, лица или явления в определённом месте или в определённое время. Иными словами, мы локализуем нечто в определённом, чаще всего замкнутом (хотя и не всегда - физическом) пространстве.
There some people in the room.
There is a special court to deal with this type of crimes.
Поскольку предмет, который помещён говорящим в некоторое пространство, называется им впервые, с исчисляемыми существительными в единственном числе используется неопределённый артикль; с неисчисляемыми и с исчисляемыми существительными во множественном числе могут использоваться местоимения some (в утвердительных) и any (в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях). Выбор формы глагола to be зависит от числа следующего непосредственно за ним существительного.
There is a chair and two armchairs in the room.
There are two armchairs and a chair in the room.
Вопросительные предложения с оборотом there is/there are строятся следующим образом:
1. Общий вопрос:
Is there anything in the room?
2. Специальный вопрос:
What is there in the room?
3. Разделительный вопрос:
There are some people in the room, aren't there?
Exercise 1. a) Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the verb 'to be' (either 'is' or 'are').
1.There .... a tea-pot on the table.
2.There .... some flowers in the vase.
3.There .... some English books on the shelf.
4.There .... somebody in the garden.
5.There .... a lot of milk in the jug.
6.There .... some mistakes in your test.
7.There .... some ink in your pen.
8.There .... some pictures on the wall of the room.
9.There .... some coffee in the pot.
10.There .... six continents in the world.
11.There .... a lot of flowers in the garden.
12.There .... something in the box.
13.There .... some new words in the text.
14.There .... a lot of snow in the forest.
b) Put special, general and disjunctive questions to the sentences.
Exercise 2. Translate into Russian using the construction 'there is/there are', indefinite pronouns 'any', 'some' and the negative pronoun 'no' and their derivatives.
1.В вашей семье есть дети?
2.На улице много народу.
3.В кувшине нет молока.
4.За вашим домом есть сад?
5.За вашим домом есть сад, не так ли?
6.В вашем городе есть парки?
7.У вас есть вопросы?
8.На столе около окна стоят часы.
9.Мои книги и тетради на полке.
10.В моём столе ничего нет.
11.В этом журнале есть что-нибудь интересное?
12.Что на столе? - Там стоит чашка и три стакана.
13.Есть кто-нибудь в соседней комнате?
14.На столе есть соль, но мало.
15.Времени нет.
THE CONJUNCTION
Союзами (the Conjunction) называются служебные слова, которые употребляются для соединения членов предложения и самих предложений. Союзы делятся на простые (and, if, that), производные (although, before) и составные (as well as, both…and).
По выполняемой ими роли в предложении союзы делятся на сочинительные и подчинительные.
К наиболее употребительным сочинительным союзам относятся:
and – и, на; but - но, or - или, as well as – также как (и), both…and – как…так и, either…or – или…или, neither…nor – ни…ни, not only…but – не только…но и.
Сочинительные союзы соединяют однородные члены предложения и предложения:
There is a vase with flowers and a glass of water on the table.
Подчинительные союзы соединяют главное предложение с придаточными:
а) подлежащими (that):
We were sure that the witness was telling the truth.
б) сказуемыми (if, whether):
The question is whether the witness is telling the truth.
в) дополнительными (that):
The witness insisted that she was telling the truth.
г) определительными (which, that, who):
Here is the witness who saw the accident with his own eyes.
д) обстоятельственными: времени (after, before, when, while, since, till, until, as), условия (if, whether, unless), места (where), причины (as, because), образа действия (as, as if, as though), цели (lest, so…that, in order that), сравнительными (as…as, than):