
- •Contents:
- •The noun Классификация существительных
- •Притяжательный падеж имён существительных (The Possessive case (s'/'s).
- •The article
- •Test on articles usage
- •The adjective
- •Interesting more/less interesting the most/least
- •Interesting
- •It was an expensive large round antique dark spotted Italian wooden tray.
- •The numeral
- •Дробные числительные
- •0.35 (.35) – Nought point three five/o point three five/ point three five
- •Для обозначения номеров домов, квартир, комнат, автобусов, рейсов самолётов, глав и страниц книг и т.Д. Обычно употребляются количественные числительные:
- •Грамматические свойства числительных
- •The adverb
- •I usually get up at seven o'clock.
- •I have never seen him.
- •The pronoun
- •1.Personal Pronouns
- •2.Possessive Pronouns
- •I saw him somewhere.
- •Is there anything I can do for you?
- •I cannot see him anywhere.
- •I have a few friends in Holland.
- •I've got only few pencils in the box.
- •Test on pronouns usage
- •The verb
- •I study at the Belarusian Jurisprudence Institute. Личные и неличные формы глагола
- •Основные формы глагола и времена
- •Правильные и неправильные глаголы
- •Классификация глаголов
- •Наклонение
- •If I were you, I should confess the fault freely.
- •It takes me only a few minutes to cook this dish.
- •Времена глаголов
- •The imperative mood
- •Present tenses
- •I take he takes
- •The present continuous (present progressive) tense
- •The present perfect tense
- •I have just come and I haven't had my dinner yet.
- •I haven't seen him today.
- •I haven't seen you for ages.
- •For/ since/ ago
- •The present perfect continuous tense
- •I've been working in the garden all day long.
- •I've known Jack for five years.
- •Past tenses the past indefinite (past simple) tense
- •I bought this book in Minsk.
- •I told him I didn't like fishing.
- •The past continuous (past progressive) tense
- •It was snowing all day yesterday.
- •The past perfect tense
- •The Past Indefinite (Past Simple) / Past Continuous (Past Progressive) / Past Perfect Continuous / Past Prefect Tense. Test
- •Future tenses
- •I'm going to present them to my little brother.
- •The Future Continuous (Future Progressive) Tense
- •I’ll be expecting you at 4 o’clock sharp.
- •It’s no use trying to see your teacher at 10. He will be giving a lesson at that time.
- •I’ll be seeing him this afternoon.
- •Future in the past
- •Sequence of tenses
- •I thought you were born in 1970.
- •Test sequence of tenses
- •The reported (indirect) speech
- •Reported speech test 1
- •Modal verbs
- •I shall be able to come earlier today.
- •It became dark in the room, and he had to switch on the light because he wanted to write the reply letter immedietly.
- •I don't have to get early today; it's my day off.
- •I was to see the doctor at 2 o'clock.
- •It may rain today.
- •I will gladly help you.
- •Test on modal verbs usage
- •The passive voice
- •The passive voice test 1
- •C) will have been X-rayed
- •The Tower of London
- •The subjunctive mood
- •I shouldn't write a letter to him, if I didn't know his address.
- •I souldn't have written a letter to him, if I hadn't known his address.
- •Conditional sentences
- •1.Если он придет завтра, я помогу ему.
- •2. Если бы он пришел завтра, я бы помог ему.
- •3. Если бы он пришел вчера, я бы помог ему.
- •Test on conditional sentences
- •B. Would be e. Would help
- •B. Wouldn’t have worked e. Hadn’t become
- •C. Had worked f. Won’t be sweeping
- •Inversion
- •The infinitive
- •I must go and see him.
- •I'm glad to have seen you.
- •It must have been a pleasant dream.
- •I was going to ask you to come with us.
- •I'm sorry to disturb you.
- •I want you to help me.
- •I ask you not to be late this time.
- •I saw him cross the street.
- •It's difficult for first-year students to read such texts.
- •It's necessary for me to know her new address. (сложное подлежащее)
- •The gerund
- •I don't remember seeing (having seen) him before.
- •In the morning light, she was ashamed of herself for having been elated the night before.
- •1. Дополнение после глаголов и словосочетаний:
- •The participle
- •I'm very much obliged to you.
- •Is the door locked?
- •Types of questions
- •Test 2 special questions
- •There is / there are
- •Is there anything in the room?
- •If we have spare time we shall visit the British Museum.
- •Союзные слова
- •The preposition
- •Предлоги места
- •Предлоги направления
- •At обозначает точку во времени:
- •In the evening – вечером (с 6 до 10 часов)
- •We have lessons from 8 a.M. Till 2 p.M.
- •Test on prepositions usage.
- •Conjunctions and prerositions
- •Word order
- •In summer Peter wrote them letters very often.
- •I usually get up at seven o'clock.
- •I have never seen him.
- •It was an expensive large round antique dark spotted Italian wooden tray.
- •Phrasal verbs reference The grammar of phrasal verbs
Министерство образования РБ
Белорусский институт правоведения
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
GUIDE
Учебно-методическое пособие по грамматике английского языка с упражнениями для студентов юридических специальностей
МИНСК 2002
Данное учебно-методическое пособие подготовлено в соответствии с требованиями Образовательного стандарта от 01.09.1999 года, учебной программы по иностранным языкам для высших учебных заведений, утверждённой Министерством образования РБ 16.04.2001 года (Рег.№ТД-95††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††й и заочной форм обучения, изучающих английский язык и имеющих базовую подготовку по языку, а также может быть использовано и при обучении грамматике английского языка в группах для начинающих.
Пособие включает теоретические сведения по требуемым программой аспектам грамматики английского языка, а также ряд упражнений, позволяющих формировать, совершенствовать и развивать грамматические навыки и умения студентов. Некоторые разделы содержат проверочные упражнения и тесты для текущего контроля уровня навыков и умений.
Материалы данного учебно-методического пособия были успешно апробированы в течение трёх лет в группах, изучающих английский язык, на юридическом факультете Гродненского филиала Белорусского института правоведения по специальности «Правоведение».
Авторы-составители: Чекан О.Г.
Суходольский А.А.
Contents:
THE NOUN 4
THE ARTICLE 13
THE ADJECTIVE 22
THE NUMERAL 33
THE ADVERB 36
THE PRONOUN 41
THE VERB 56
THE IMPERATIVE MOOD 60
PRESENT TENSES 63
PAST TENSE 80
FUTURE TENSES (Fututre – in - the – Past Tenses) 90
SEQUENCE OF TENSES 100
THE REPORTED (INDIRECT) SPEECH 108
MODAL VERBS 119
THE PASSIVE VOICE 129
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 140
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 150
INVERSION 156
NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB 160
TYPES OF QUESTIONS 171
THERE IS/THERE ARE 180
THE CONJUNCTION 182
THE PREPOSITION 184
WORD ORDER 198
PHRASAL VERBS 204
The noun Классификация существительных
Существительные в английском языке, как и в русском, по своему составу бывают простые, производные и сложные (составные).
Простые существительные (Simple Nouns) состоят из одного корня, без приставок и суффиксов: a pen, a town, milk, noise и т. п.
Производные существительные (Derivative Nouns), кроме корня, имеют в своём составе приставки или суффиксы: a teacher, a mistake, beginning и т. п.
Сложные (составные) существительные состоят из основ двух (реже – трёх) слов: a schoolgirl, a railwayman.
По значению существительные делятся на имена нарицательные (Common Nouns), обозначающие целые классы предметов (Существительные a house, a town, justice), и собственные (Proper Nouns), являющиеся именами или названиями единичных лиц и предметов (Mary, Jack London, Britain, the Nile, Trafalger Square, the Newsweek).
Имена собственные, а также названия дней недели, месяцев и национальностей пишутся с прописной буквы.
Нарицательные имена существительные принято делить на исчисляемые (Countable Nouns), обозначающие предметы, которые можно сосчитать (a day – three days), и неисчисляемые (Uncountable Nouns), обозначающие предметы и понятия, не поддающиеся счёту (coffee, space, courage ).
Образование множественного числа существительных
Mножественное число существительных (кроме тех, у которых основа оканчивается на -ch, -s,- ss, -sh, -x) образуется путем прибавления к основе окончания -s:
a boy - boys
a trick - tricks
a pen - pens
a girl - girls
Множественное число существительных, основа которых оканчивается на -ch, -s, -ss, -sh, x, a также существительных, имеющих, как правило, окончание -о, образуется путем прибавления к основе окончания -es.
a bench - benches
a bus - buses
a glass - glasses
a box - boxes
a potato - potatoes
Существительные, оканчивающиеся на -у (после согласной), во множественном числе имеют окончание -ies:
an army - armies
a fly - flies
a lady - ladies
Конечное –f (-fe),как правило, меняется на -ves:
a calf - calves
a knife - knives
a shelf - shelves
a wife - wives
Ряд существительных образует множественное число не по общим правилам:
a) изменяется корневая гласная:
a man - men
a woman - women
a foot - feet
a tooth - teeth
a goose - geese
a mouse - mice
a louse - lice
б) добавляется окончание -en:
an ox - oxen
a child - children
в) заимствуются формы единственного и множественного числа из латинского и греческого языков:
a formula – formulae (formulas)
a crisis - crises
a criterion - criteria
an index - indices
a bacterium - bacteria
Есть в английском языке существительные, которые имеют одну (общую) форму для единственного и множественного числа:
a deer - deer
a sheep - sheep
a fish - fish
Некоторые существительные имеют только единственное число:
advice, information, news, knowledge, furniture, luggage.
Некоторые - только множественное число:
clothes, damages, goods, looks, riches, manners, thanks.
Exercise 1. Make plural forms. Choose the only correct variant.
1.a baby 2.a pencil
a) babys a) penciles
b) babies b) pencils
3.a man 4.an umbrella
a) man a) umbrellas
b) men b) umbrellaes
c) mans c) umbrells
5.a boy 6.a city
a) boys a) citys
b) bois b) cities
c) boyes c) cityes
7.a mouse 8.a postman
a) mouses a) postmans
b) mice b) postman
c) mouss c) postmen
9.a fox 10.an ox
a) fox a) ox
b) foxes b) oxes
c) foxs c) oxen
11.money 12.a fish
a) moneys a) fish
b) - b) fishes
c) moneies c) fishs
13.a knife 14.a watch
a) knifes a) watches
b) knifs b) watchs
c) knives c) watch
15.an address 16.a child
a) - a) childs
b) addresses b) childes
c) address c) children
17.a foot 18.jeans
a) foots a) jeans
b) footes b) jeanses
c) feet c) jeanss
19.a potato 20.a photo
a) potatoes a) photoes
b) potatos b) photos
c) potates c) photes
21.a roof 22.a toothbrush
a) roofs a) teethbrush
b) rooves b) toothbrushes
c) roofes c) teethbrushes
23.a boy-friend 24.a passer-by
a) boys-friends a) passers-by
b) boy-friends b) passer-bys
c) boys friend c) passer-bies
25.a sheep 26.advice
a) sheep a) advices
b) sheeps b) advises
c) sheepes c) -
27.a mother-in-law 28.news
a) mother-in-laws a) newses
b) mothers-in-laws b) news
c) mothers-in law c) -
Exercise 2. Make the plural of the following nouns.
Month, eye, ear, brother, spoonful, deer, army, Frenchman, chimney, machine, top, hill, bush, man, son, factory, memorandum, basis, boy, roof, chief, box, tooth, phenomenon, handful, airman, river, lake, name, place, watch, bridge, armchair, formula, ship, mistake, farm, hat, bank, rifle, gun, mine.
Exercise 3. Put the nouns (where it is possible) in the plural form. Make all necessary changes in the sentence.
1.We have built a gigantic factory.
2.The ox has hurt its hoof, and cannot draw the cart.
3.The sheep is grazing in the meadow.
4.The valley is green, and a deer is grazing in it.
5.There was a potato in the basket.
6.There was a fish in the net.
7.The hoof of an ox is cloven, that of a horse is not.
8.The key to the box is lost.
9.The roof of that house leaks; it needs repairing.
10.He brought a painful of water from the river.
11.As soon as the train has arrived, the postman will deliver the letter.
12.A passer-by saw the accident.
13.This shelf contains books on several subjects.
14.The hero was received with joy.
15.The leaf first turned yellow and then brown, and dropped off and was blown into the corner of the garden.
16.A fox often prowled about the farmyard, seeking a fat goose to carry off.
Exercise 4. Plural or singular?
Choose the one word to fill in the blanks.
1.My hair.....clean.
a) is b) are
2.Can I borrow your scissors? Mine.....not sharp.
a) is b) are
3.Bad news (not/make) people happy.
a) don't make b) doesn't make
4.There.....hair in my soup.
a) is a b) is c) are
5.I don't want.....or help.
a) advices b) an advice c) advice
6.I've seen some comedies this month. Each.....funnier than the other.
a) was b) were
7.We'd like three.....eggs.
a) dozen of b) dozen c) dozens
8.Knowledge.....power.
a) is b) are
9.Everybody.....ready.
a) is b) are
10.I need my glasses. Whеre.....the glasses?
a) is b) are
11.In summer we eat a lot of...... .
a) fruit b) fruits
12.There.....a lot of sheep in the field.
a) is b) are
13.The police.....to interview Fred about the accident.
a) wants b) want
14.Money.....not everything.
a) is b) are
15.Last Saturday we went fishing, but we didn't catch many..... .
a) fish b) fishs c) fishes
16.Mathematics.....an exact science.
a) is b) are
17.The sunlit.....look wonderful.
a) rooves b) roofs
18.It costs four.....dollars.
a) hundred b) hundreds
19.Julia's clothes.....in her wardrobe.
a) is b) are
20.Our team.....the best.
a) is b) are
21.Our team.....playing well.
a) is b) are
22.The United States.....a violent history.
a) have b) has
23......are made of bronze.
a) pence b) pennies
Uncountable Nouns
Exercise 5. Choose the only correct variant.
1.You've got..... .
a) very long hairs b) verу long hair
c) a very long hair d) hair very long
2.When the News.....we'll have supper.
a) are over b) is over
c) end d) be over
3.Mary doesn't eat.... .
a) fish b) the fish
c) a fish d) fishes
4.Does your watch keep.....?
a) good times b) good time
c) a good time d) the good time
5.I can't imagine where..... . I clearly remember I've put it here.
a) money is b) the money is
c) a money are d) a money is