Vocabulary

WORD	TRANSLATION	COMBINATIONS
memory	память	temporary memory permanent memory primary memory secondary memory (non-)volatile memory uncached memory random access memory read only memory memory capacity memory management memory shortage to access memory to be out of memory
hard disk	жесткий диск	hard disk memory hard disk size hard disk speed an external hard disk a built-in/ integrated hard disk hard disk back-up hard disk carrier hard disk drive hard disk formatting hard disk installation to read a hard disk
to complicate	затруднять, осложнять, усложнять
application	приложение, прикладная программа	active application application window network application web application mobile application
to run	работать (о системе)	to run at speed of… to run into
to keep	держать, удерживать, сохранять, хранить	to keep smth unchanged to keep up with to keep from to keep running
to corrupt corruption	портить, искажать данные	to corrupt data to corrupt hardware
to dominate	оказывать преобладающее влияние, доминировать, господствовать, управлять, контролировать	to dominate the events to dominate the world
to stand for	расшифровываться
to figure out	вычислять понимать, постигать
to range	располагать в порядке относиться к числу (кого-л. / чего-л.) колебаться в известных пределах	to range from … to …
to load	загружать (память или в память)	load the computer load the tape computing load
to retrieve	искать, находить, извлекать	to retrieve data/ information
accurate	верный, правильный, точный
Volatile	непостоянный, переменный, временный
to format	размечать, форматировать	to format a disc
to back up	выполнять резервное копирование, выполнять резервное дублирование

Exercise 14. Identify a word or word combination from the vocabulary list by its definition.

1. correct in all details; exact

2. the part of a computer in which data or program instructions can be stored for retrieval

3. a program or piece of software designed to fulfil a particular purpose

4. prepare (a storage medium) to receive data

5. be in or cause to be in operation; function or cause to function

6. transfer (a program or data) into memory, or into the central processor from storage

7. to make a copy in order not to lose information if it is corrupted

8. the process of causing errors to appear in a computer program or database

9. capacity for storing information

10. to be the most important or conspicuous person or thing in

11. to be an abbreviation of or symbol for

Exercise 15. Match the words from column A with the words from column B to make word colocations. There can be more than one variant:

A	B
volatile capacity hard disk to access to corrupt to complicate to run to figure out to load to format to retrieve	information memory a computer a file an instruction a task a disk

Exercise 16. Find in the box synonyms to the words below. Explain the difference. Provide examples to illustrate the meanings of the words.

to function, to spoil, to control, an instruction, to calculate, software, to compute, to ruin, a program, to launch, to change, exact, to damage, precise, to rule, unsteady

to dominate	- -
to run	- -
to figure out	- -
to corrupt	- - - -
application	- - -
accurate	- -
volatile	-

Exercise 17.Choose the right word:

1. The computer accesses the (CPU/memory) any time you give it an (application/ instruction).

2. The CPU (runs/ launches) at speed of 2 GHz.

3. Close active (applications/instructions).

4. The BIOS (stands for/ figures out) basic input/output system.

5. (Download/ load/ upload) the photos into the computer. I am sure they are useful for your report.

6. RAM is (volatile/unsteady).

7. (Keep/prevent) your hard disc away from children.

8. The calculations are (accurate/ careful). I will (run/function) the program again to double check them. But I am pretty sure about the results.

9. The speed of the CPU (ranges/keeps) from 1 GHz to 4 GHz

10. (Temporary/ Temperate) memory means that the data will be kept until the computer is (running/launching).

11. Don’t forget to (copy/ back up) the data to keep them from being (corrupted/formatted).

12. Before you (format/change) the disc, (back up/recover) the data.

13. I (download/ upload/ load) my photos on the Internet each week.

Exercise 18. Answer the following questions using your active vocabulary.

1. Which types of memory are volatile?

2. Which types of memory are non-volatile?

3. What will you do in case of memory shortage?

4. Why does read only memory have such a name?

5. What mobile applications do you use more often?

6. What speed does your system run at?

7. What should a person do to prevent the hardware from being damaged?

8. Can we restore data if the hard disc is corrupted?

9. When should a person back up data?

10. Why should a person back up data?

11. When should I format a disc?

12. What should a person remember if he or she wants to format the main hard disc?

13. What does BIOS stand for?

Exercise 19. Complete the gaps. Make sure that you use the correct grammatical form.

RAM and ROM

The (1)_________________________ and data which pass through the processor must be (2) __________________________ into the main memory in order to be processed. Therefore, when the user (3)______________________ a program, the CPU looks for it on the (4)________________________ disk and transfers a copy into the (5)_______________________ chips. RAM is (6)______________________ - that is, its information is lost when the computer is turned off. However, ROM (7______________________) is non-volatile, containing (8)______________________ and routines for the basic operations of the CPU.

The BIOS (basic input/output system) uses (9)_________________________ to control communication with peripherals.

RAM capacity can be (10)_____________________ by adding extra chips, usually contained in small (11)________________________ boards called dual in-line memory modules.

System RAM speed is controlled by bus width and bus speed. Bus width (12)____________________the number of bits that can be sent to the CPU simultaneously, and bus speed refers to the number of times a group of bits can be sent each second. A bus cycle occurs every time data travels from memory to the CPU. In reality, RAM doesn't usually (13)_________________ at optimum speed.

So why wouldn't you buy the fastest, widest (14)________________________ you can get? The (15)____________________________ and width of the memory's bus should match the system's (16)____________________________. You can use memory designed to (17)________________________ at 100 MHz in a 66-MHz system, but it will (18)________________________________ at the 66-MHz speed of the bus so there is no advantage, and 32-bit memory won't fit on a 16-bit bus.

Even with a wide and fast bus, it still takes longer for data to get from the memory card to the (19)______________________________ than it takes for the CPU to actually (20)___________________________ the data. That's where caches come in.

“Infotech. English for computer users.” Cambridge 4^th edition

http://computer.howstuffworks.com/

Exercise 20. Paraphrase using your active vocabulary. Make sure that you use the correct grammatical form.

1. A powerful person is that (1.to control) events of his or her life. Can you say the same about yourself?

2. RAM is (2. not permanent) and (3. unsteady). Different computers vary in the memory (4. capability).

3. The teacher (5. to make more difficult) the task to check the pupils’ (6. capability)

4. What web (7.programm) do you use?

5. Keep your computer (8.working) through the night. It will surely (9.make) all calculations. Tomorrow you will check whether the calculations are (10.precise)

6. The storage (11.capability) of different computers can (12.vary) a lot.

7. I can’t (13.understand) you.

8. Never (14. make something difficult) the task. Solve the problem step by step.

9. Human beings will never allow a machine to (15.to control) the world.

10. In order to save data from being (16.to damage), I back them up each 2 weeks.

Exercise 21. Complete the gaps using the words and word combinations given below. Make sure that you use the correct grammatical form.

Part 1

An access, to back, capacity, hard, to keep, memory, memory, to operate, RAM, to run, speed, storage

Fast, powerful CPUs need quick and easy (1)_______________________ to large amounts of data in order to maximize their (2)________________________. If the CPU cannot get to the data it needs, it literally stops and waits for it. Modern CPUs (3)_______________________ at speeds of about 1 gigahertz can consume massive amounts of data -- potentially billions of bytes per second. The problem is that memory that can (4)_______________________ up with a 1-gigahertz CPU is extremely expensive.

Computer designers have solved the cost problem by "tiering" memory -- using expensive memory in small quantities and then (5)_______________________ it up with larger quantities of less expensive memory.

The cheapest form of read/write memory in wide use today is the (6)_____________________________ disk. They provide large quantities of inexpensive, (7)__________________________ storage. As the (8)_____________________________ space on a hard disk is so cheap and plentiful, it forms the final stage of a CPUs (9)________________________ hierarchy

A computer's system (10)_______________________ alone is not fast enough to match the (11)_________________________ of the CPU. That is why you need a cache. However, the faster RAM is, the better. Most chips today (12)_____________________ with a cycle rate of 50 to 70 nanoseconds.

http://computer.howstuffworks.com/

Part 2

Backup, to format, hard disc, optical, RAM, to run, to seek, to seek, to store, a track, volatile

Magnetic storage

Magnetic devices (1)________________________ data magnetically. A disk drive spins the disk at high speed and reads its data or writes new data onto it.

Most PCs have one internal (2)_________________________ _____________________, usually called C: drive, which can hold several gigabytes of data. It's used to keep the operating system, the programs and the user's files easily available for use.

When you (3)_____________________ a disk, or prepare it for use, its surface is divided into concentric circles called tracks. Each track is further divided into a number of sectors. The computer remembers where information is stored by noting the track and sector numbers in a directory.

The average time required for the read/write heads to move and find data is called (4)_________________________ time; it is measured in milliseconds (ms). Don't confuse '(5)_______________________ time' with 'transfer rate', the rate of transmission of data from the disk to the (6)______________________ (e.g. 15 megabytes per second).

A (7)________________________ hard drive is an external unit with the drive mechanism and the media all in one sealed case. You can use it to make a (8)__________________________, a spare copy of your files, or to transport data between computers.

Optical drives use a laser to read and write data, so they are not affected by magnetic fields; but they are slower than hard drives. Modern DVD recorders accept all CD and DVD formats.

CDs (compact discs) can store up to 650-700 MB of data.

DVDs (digital versatile discs) are similar in size to CDs, but they differ in structure and capacity. DVDs have more (9)__________________________ and more pits (tiny holes) per track, and can store from 4.7 GB to 17 GB of data, movies, high-definition sound, etc., so they will probably replace CDs. DVD formats include:

Portable DVD players let you watch movies or TV, play games and listen to music, wherever you are. They usually (10)________________________ on batteries, have a widescreen (rectangular 16:9 format) LCD and support multi-format playback, allowing you access to many file formats including DVD video, JPEG pictures, MP3 music, etc.

Flash memory is solid-state, rewritable memory; it is non-______________________________(11), so it retains data when the power is turned off. This explains its popularity in small devices.

Part 3

A bit, binary, a byte, a byte, capacity, a device, an operation

Bytes and bits

Computers do all (1) _____________________ using a code made of just two numbers – 0 and 1 .This system is called binary code. The electronic (2)______________________ in a digital computer detect the difference between two states: ON (the current passes through) or OFF (the current doesn't pass through) and represent these states as 1 or 0. Each 1 or 0 is called a binary digit, or (3)__________________________.

Bits are grouped into eight-digit codes that typically represent characters (letters, numbers and symbols). Eight bits together are called a (4)________________________. Thus, each character on a keyboard has its own arrangement of eight bits. For example, 01000001 for the letter A, 01000010 for B, and 01000011 for С. Computers use a standard code for the (5)_____________________ representation of characters. This is the American Standard Code for Information Interchange, or ASCII - pronounced /'aeski/. In order to avoid complex calculations of (6)___________________________, we use bigger units such as kilobytes, megabytes and gigabytes.

We use these units to describe the RAM memory, the storage (7)______________________ of disks and the size of a program or document.

“Infotech. English for computer users.” Cambridge 4^th edition

Exercise 22. Translate the words or word combinations in italics using your active vocabulary.

Although (1.память) is technically any form of electronic (2.хранение), it is used most often to identify fast, temporary forms of (3.хранение). If your computer's (4.ЦПУ) had to constantly (5.получать доступ) the hard drive to (6.извлекать) every piece of data it needs, it would (7.работать) very slowly. When the information is (8.храниться) in memory, the (9.процессор) can access it much more quickly. Most forms of memory are intended to (10.хранить) data temporarily.

As you can see in the diagram above, the CPU (11.обращаться) memory according to a distinct hierarchy. Whether it comes from permanent (12.место хранения) (the hard drive) or input (the keyboard), most data goes in (13.оперативная память) first. The CPU then (14.хранить) pieces of data it will need to access, often in a cache, and maintains certain special instructions in the register. We'll talk about cache and registers later.

All of the (15.компоненты) in your computer, such as the CPU, the hard drive and the operating system, work together as a team, and memory is one of the most essential parts of this team. From the moment you turn your computer on until the time you shut it down, your (16.процессор) is constantly using memory. Let's take a look at a typical scenario:

• You (17.включать) the computer … .

• The computer (18.загружать) data from (19.ПЗУ) and performs a power-on self-test (POST) to make sure all the major (20.компоненты) are functioning properly. As part of this test, the memory controller checks all of the memory addresses with a quick read/write operation to ensure that there are no errors in the (21.карта памяти). Read/write means that data is written to a bit and then read from that bit.

• The computer loads the (22.базовую систему ввода\вывода информации) from (23.ПЗУ). The system provides the most basic information about (24.устройства хранения), boot sequence, security, Plug and Play (auto device recognition) (25.возможности) and a few other items.

• The computer loads the (26.операционную систему) from the hard drive into the system's (27.ОЗУ). Generally, the critical parts of the operating system are maintained in RAM as long as the computer is on. This allows the CPU to have immediate (28.доступ) to the operating system, which (29.увеличивать) the performance and functionality of the overall system.

• When you open an (30.приложение), it is loaded into RAM. To conserve RAM usage, many (31. программы) load only the essential parts of the program initially and then load other pieces as needed.

• After it, any files that are (32.открываются) for use in that (33.приложении) are loaded into RAM.

• When you save a file and close the application, the file is written to the specified storage device, and then it and the application are (34.удаляться) from RAM.

In the list above, every time something is loaded or opened, it is placed into (35.ОЗУ). This simply means that it has been put in the computer's temporary storage area so that the (36.процессор) can access that information more easily. The CPU (37.запрашивать) the data it needs from (38.ОЗУ), (39.обрабатывать) it and writes new data back to (40.ОЗУ) in a (41. продолжающийся, повторяющийся) cycle. In most computers, this shuffling of data between the CPU and RAM happens millions of times every second. When an application is closed, it and any accompanying files are usually purged from RAM to make room for new data. If the changed files are not saved to a (42.постоянный) storage device before being purged, they are lost.

One common question about desktop computers that comes up all the time is, "Why does a computer need so many memory systems?"

http://computer.howstuffworks.com/

Exercise 23. Translate the text from Russian into English:

Как может компьютер быть таким удивительным устройством? Многие люди, однако, не удивлены тем, как это устройство изменило их образ жизни. Сегодня можно увидеть компьютеры разных форм и размеров. Кажется, почти каждый дом, где бы он ни находился, имеет свой собственный мини компьютер.

Прежде всего, нужно сказать, что самым главным компонентом компьютера является его процессор. Он считается “сердцем” компьютера, обеспечивающим циркуляцию системы.

Но со всеми своими возможностями вычисления и обработки информации, компьютер не будет являться столь выдающимся устройством без своей поразительной памяти. Память позволяет хранить всю необходимую и важную информацию на компьютере. Данная информация может использоваться снова и снова. Когда необходимо, можно без труда найти указанные вами данные. Без памяти процессор не будет иметь возможности хранить обработанную информацию и произведённые вычисления, делая их бесполезными.

Существует множество видов компьютерной памяти для хранения различных типов данных. Общеизвестной компьютерной памятью является RAM (память с произвольной выборкой), более известная как оперативная память. Её называют памятью производной выборкой, так как данные могут быть доступны в любом порядке, тогда как любые сохранённые данные могут быть доступны напрямую, только если вы знаете точный ряд и колонку, где находится определённая ячейка памяти.

Противоположностью RAM является SAM или память с последовательным доступом, которая хранит данные в последовательных ячейках памяти, которые могут быть расположены только в определённом порядке. Она работает подобно аудиокассете, где вы должны пройти через другие ячейки с хранящейся в них информацией, прежде чем найти нужные данные.

Еще один вид компьютерной памяти включает ROM или постоянное запоминающее устройство. ROM является встроенным устройством, снабжённым данными, которые не могут быть изменены, следовательно, они доступны только для чтения.

Есть также другой вид памяти, именуемый виртуальной памятью. Она является обычным компонентом большинства оперативных систем и настольных компьютеров. Виртуальная память помогает оперативной памяти освободиться от неиспользуемых данных для создания возможности загрузки текущей используемой информации. Она работает просто, проверяя данные, хранящиеся в оперативной памяти, которые не используются за последнее время, и переносит их на жёсткий диск, тем самым, освобождая необходимое место в оперативной памяти для загрузки новых приложений. Виртуальная память заставляет компьютер думать, что у него практически неограниченная оперативная память.

Ещё одним видом компьютерной памяти, которая выполнения задач быстрее, является кэш-память. Она работает просто, храня текущие приложения, вычисления и т.п. в собственной памяти, вместо направления их в основную область памяти.

Когда определённый процесс нуждается в недавно используемых данных, он сначала пытается войти в кэш-память, если такие данные там хранятся, перед входом в основную область памяти. Это освободит компьютер от поиска данных в обширной области памяти и обеспечит к ним доступ значительно быстрее.

Память компьютера находится в процесс постоянного развития, также как и другие информационные технологии. Кто знает, возможно, в ближайшем будущем компьютерная память подойдёт и для человека.

http://computer.damotvet.ru/

Exercise 24. Translate the sentences from Russian into English:

1. Центральный процессор (CPU) — это основной рабочий компонент компьютера, который выполняет арифметические и логические операции, заданные программой, управляет вычислительным процессом и координирует работу всех устройств компьютера.

2. Центральный процессор (CPU) - "мозг" компьютера, именно он распознает и выполняет команды и программы, задаваемые компьютеру, считывает и записывает информацию в память, передает команды другим частям компьютера. От того, насколько мощный процессор установлен в компьютере, во многом зависит его производительность.

3. Накопитель на жестких магнитных дисках - это устройство, предназначенное для долговременного хранения операционных систем, программ и данных. Все файлы, размещенные на HDD, будут сохраняться без каких-либо потерь независимо от того, включен ПК или нет. Любые файлы могут быть скопированы, а программы проинсталлированы на HDD.

4. Накопитель на жестких магнитных дисках (HDD - Hard Disk Drive) - это наиболее массовое запоминающее устройство большой емкости.

5. Компакт-диск (Compact Disk Read Only Memory), - это ПЗУ, выполненное с использованием специальной оптической технологии. В ряду запоминающих устройств занимает место где-то между флоппи и жестким дисками, являясь одновременно и мобильным, и очень емким.

6. Для работы с CD-ROM нужно подключить к компьютеру накопитель CD-ROM (CD-ROM Drive), в котором CD сменяются как в обычном проигрывателе.

7. Со временем на смену CD-ROM пришли цифровые видеодиски DVD. На таких дисках выпускаются полноэкранные видеофильмы отличного качества, программы-тренажеры, мультимедийные игры и многое другое. Главный недостаток накопителей CD-ROM по сравнению с винчестерскими накопителями - невозможность перезаписи информации.

Exercise 25. Translate the text from Russian into English:

Измерение информации в технике.

В технике, где информацией считается любая хранящаяся, обрабатываемая или передаваемая последовательность знаков, сигналов, часто используют простой способ определения количества информации, который может быть назван объемным. Он основан на подсчете числа символов в сообщении, то есть связан только с длиной сообщения и не учитывает его содержания.

Длина сообщения зависит от числа знаков, употребляемых для записи сообщения.

• Bit – Это минимальная порция информации, которую хранит или обрабатывает компьютер.

• Byte – Единица данных, равная 8 двоичным цифрам (битам). Одного байта достаточно для кодирования одного символа, например, буквы алфавита (a) или цифры. Емкости накопительных устройств, таких как диски, измеряются в байтах. В байтах измеряется также и объём переданной информации.

• bps – bits per second (бит в секунду). Бит/с является единицей измерения скорости передачи данных в системах связи.

• Bps – Bytes per second (байт в секунду). Байт/с является единицей измерения объёма переданных данных.

SPEECH

Exercise 26. Read about each type of memory and define the described type of memory. If necessary look for additional information in the text or additional sources:

1. It is the permanent part of a computer's memory that contains instructions needed by the CPU. The information can be read but not changed.

2. It is a computing technique by which you increase the size of a computer's memory by arranging or storing the data in a special place determined by the OS.

3. It is a set of computer instructions stored on a chip that control input and output operations

4. It is a rigid non-removable magnetic disk with a large data storage capacity

5. Volatile memory that loads data from the hard disk to make it easier for the CPU to process data.

6. It is an auxiliary memory located on the CPU from which high-speed retrieval is possible

Exercise 27.Fill in the charts about the features of CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray discs.

	CAPACITY	FORMATS
CD
DVD
Blu-ray

Exercise 28. In groups think of what you should or shouldn’t do to protect your data from being damaged.

Play a game:

The first person starts the sentence: “In order to protect data from being corrupted a person should/shouldn’t …”, then he gives his variant, the next person repeats the previous phrase and gives his/ her variant. You shouldn’t repeat instructions. The person who will come out of the ideas or forget the chain will lose.

Exercise 29. Make up a dialogue. Use the vocabulary and the language box below. Follow the outline:

George and Michael are friends. George calls Michael and says that he has just lost all of the information on his PC including their joint report. Discuss the ways to solve the problem.

George	Michael
Greetings, explain the problem Explains the detail of the events happened to complicate, to shut down, BIOS, RAM, ROM, application Asks for help Arranges the meeting	Asks about the reason To run, to corrupt, back up, to load Explains what has happened RAM, volatile, to run, to keep, to retrieve, hard disk Suggests a solution Agrees.

Exercise 30. Prepare for the final discussion of the unit following the outline.

1. Types of memory

1. RAM

2. ROM

3. Cache memory

4. BIOS

5. Hard disk

6. Virtual memory

7. Protected memory

1. Data storage

1. The way of information storage

2. The units of storage

1. Storage devices

1. Hard disk

2. Magnetic devices

3. Flash cards