6. Complete the table using the word combinations given above. Speak briefly about each concrete type.

Concrete type	Conditions of forming and production	Process of fabrication	Usage in construction
In-situ
Precast

7. Give the English equivalents for the concrete structures presented in the pictures. What are they used for?

a._____________ b.______________ c._____________ d._____________

e._____________ f.______________ g.______________ h._____________

i._____________ j. ______________ k._____________ l._____________

7. Look at the drawing of an automobile storage shed. What concrete structures are used in its construction? Complete the word combinations in the boxes.

Middle _______ panel

_________ slab

Side_______ panel

______ panel

Right ______slab

Left _______ slab

Present the order of structure assembling of the shed. Use the verbs in the box.

Install, fit, fix, place, complete

1. _________________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________________

4. _________________________________________________________________________

5. _________________________________________________________________________

7. Act out the dialogue with a partner. Use the drawing of an automobile storage shed of task 8.

Situation:

Student a is going to construct an automobile storage shed and makes an order for the reinforced concrete structures on the phone.

Student B, an operator in a TDS company supplying reinforced concrete structures, receives the order and asks the questions:

1. Type and quantity of the concrete products.

2. Address of delivery (city, street).

3. Date of delivery.

4. Contact telephones and the name of the person receiving the products.

Text 2 burj khalifa

T he 829.84 m skyscraper Burj Khalifa. is currently the tallest manmade structure and also the tallest reinforced concrete building in the world. The tower was completed in year 2010.It was built with an intention of diversifying the nation's economy from oil-based to service and tourism based.

The inspiration of building design was obtain from the flower Hymenocallis by Architect Adrian Smith and the patterning system found in Islamic Architecture. The tower was constructed by Samsung Engineering & Construction of South Korea.

The primary structure of the building is reinforced concrete. For this project a new, super high-pressure trailer  concrete pump was created. Over 45,000 m³ of concrete, weighing more than 110,000 tonnes were used to construct the concrete and steel foundation, which features 192 piles; each pile is 1.5 metre diameter and 43 m long, buried more than 50 m deep. Burj Khalifa's construction used 330,000 m³ of concrete and 55,000 tonnes of steel rebar, and construction took 22 million man-hours. 

A high density, low permeability concrete was used in the foundations of Burj Khalifa. A cathodic protection system under the mat is used to minimize any detrimental effects from corrosive chemicals in local ground water. Three tower cranes were used during construction of the uppermost levels, each capable of lifting a 25-tonne load.

Special mixes of concrete are made to withstand the extreme pressures of the massive building weight; as is typical with reinforced concrete construction, each batch of concrete used was tested to ensure it could withstand certain pressures.  The consistency of the concrete used in the project was essential. It was difficult to create a concrete that could withstand both the thousands of tonnes bearing down on it and Persian Gulf temperatures that can reach 50 °C. To combat this problem, the concrete was not poured during the day. Instead, during the summer months ice was added to the mixture and it was poured at night when the air is cooler and the humidity is higher. A cooler concrete mixture cures evenly throughout and is therefore less likely to set too quickly and crack. Any significant cracks could have put the entire project in jeopardy.

T he unique design and engineering challenges of building Burj Khalifa have been featured in a number of television documentaries, including the Big, Bigger, Biggest series on the National Geographic and Five channels, and the Mega Builders series on the Discovery Channel.

The opening of Burj Khalifa was held on 4 January 2010. The ceremony featured a display of 10,000 fireworks, light beams projected on and around the tower, and further sound, light and water effects. The celebratory lighting was designed using the 868 powerful stroboscope lights that are integrated into the façade and spire of the tower. Different lighting sequences were choreographed, together with more than 50 different combinations of the other effects.

TASKS