- •2.Two approaches to language study
- •3. The theoretical and practical value of english lexicology
- •4. The connection of lexicology with phonetics, stylistics, grammar and other branches of linguistics
- •2 Characteristics of the word as the basic unit of a language
- •3 The notion of lexical system
- •4 The theory of oppositions
- •Chapter 3 lexicography
- •1. According to the scope of their word-list linguistic dictionaries are divided into general and restricted.
- •2. According to the information they provide all linguistic dictionaries fall into two groups: explanatory and specialized.
- •4. Dictionaries also fall into diachronic and synchronic with regard to time.
- •2 Problems of lexicography
- •1) The selection of lexical units for inclusion
- •2. Arrangement of Entries
- •3. Selection and Arrangement of Meanings
- •4. Definition of Meanings
- •5. Illustrative Examples
- •6. Choice of Adequate Equivalents
- •7. The structure of the dictionary
- •3 The development of english and american dictionary
- •Chapter 4
- •2. Borrowings
- •2.1 Structural elements of borrowings
- •2.2 Why are the words borrowed
- •2.3 The history of borrowings.
- •I. Latin Affixes
- •2.4. The influence of borrowings
- •3 Classifications of borrowings
- •Classification of borrowings according to the borrowed aspect
- •Italian borrowings.
- •4. Etymological doublets
- •5. International words
- •2.2 Functional approach to Meaning
- •Operational or information- oriented definitions of meaning
- •3.1 Lexical meaning
- •3.2 Aspects of lexical meaning In the general framework of lexical meaning several aspects can be singled out. They are:
- •3.2.1 The Denotational aspect
- •3.2.2. The Connotational aspect
- •3.2.3. The pragmatic aspect
- •5. Causes, nature and results of semantic change
- •5.2.1 Specialization
- •5.2.2.Generalization
- •5.2.3 Metaphor
- •5.2.4. Metonymy
- •6.1. Polysemy and Context. Types of Context
- •7.Semantic classification of the english vocabulary
- •8. Synonyms
- •9. Antonyms
- •If a word is polysemantic it can have several antonyms, e.G. The word «bright» has the antonyms «dim», «dull», «sad».
- •10 Homonyms
- •10. 1 Classifications of homonyms.
- •1. Morphemes. Classification of morphemes
- •2. Types of meaning in morphemes
- •3. Morphemic types of words
- •1) Monomorphic;
- •4. Types of word-segmentabiuty
- •5. Procedure of morphemic analysis
- •6. Various Types and Ways of Forming Words
- •7.Affixation
- •7.1 Suffixation.
- •7.2 Prefixation
- •2. Origin of prefixes:
- •8. Conversion
- •8. 1. Substantivization of adjectives
- •8.2. Diachronic approach to conversion
- •8.3. Basic criteria of semantic derivation in conversion
- •9.1 Composition
- •9.1 Ways of forming compound words.
- •9.1 Classifications of english compounds
- •10 Abbreviation
- •10.1Graphical abbreviations
- •10.2 Initial abbreviations
- •10.3 Abbreviations of words
- •1. Segment the following words into morphemes. Define (a) the semantic types and (b) the structural types of morphemes constituting the given words.
- •2 Translate the following words into Russian, taking into account the lexical meaning of the root and affixational morphemes.
- •3 Define the morphemes the differential meaning of which helps to distinguish between words in the given sets.
- •5. Analyze the following words according to their morphemic types. Define the subtypes of polymorphic words. Classify polyradical words into two group:
- •8. Write pairs of words (prefixed and non-prefixed); translate them paying attention to the meaning of the prefix and the meaning of the whole word.
- •2. Determine the original components of the following blends. Define which type (additive or restrictive) the blends belong to.
- •3. Define which words have been combined to form the following computer terms. Give their
- •4. According to their pronunciation classify the given acronyms into two groups:
- •7. A) Explain the formation of the following blends.
- •8. Give the words denoting sounds produced by the animals enumerated below.
- •2. Structure and classification of word-groups
- •3. Types of meaning of word-groups
- •4. Motivation in word-groups
- •5 Classification of phraseological units
- •5. 1 Ways of forming phraseological units
- •5.2 Semantic classification of phraseological units
- •5.3 Structural classification of phraseological units
- •5.4 Syntactical classification of phraseological units
- •6. How to Distinguish Phraseological Units from Free Word-Groups
- •7. Proverbs
- •Phraseology
- •1. What is the source of the following idioms? If in doubt consult your reference books.
- •2. Show that you understand the meaning of the following phraseological units by using each of them in a sentence.
- •3. Complete the following sentences, using the phraseological units given in the list below. Translate them into Russian.
- •4. Complete the following sentences, using the words from the list below. Translate the phraseological units into Russian.
- •5. State which of the expressions are phraseological units and which are free word combinations.
- •6. In the examples given below identify the phraseological units and classify them on the semantic principle.
- •7. In the examples given below identify the phraseological units and classify them on the structural principle. Translate the Phraseological units into Russian.
- •Stylistic classification of the english vocabulary
- •1. Neutral, common literary and common colloquial vocabulary
- •2. Special literary vocabulary
- •3. Special colloquial vocabulary
- •2. Neutral, common literary and common colloquial vocabulary
- •3. Special literary vocabulary a) Terms
- •B) Poetic and Highly Literary Words
- •C) Archaic, Obsolescent and Obsolete Words
- •D) Barbarisms and Foreignisms
- •E) Literary Coinages (Including Nonce-Words)
- •4. Special colloquial vocabulary a) Slang
- •B) Jargonisms
- •C) Professionalisms
- •D) Dialectal words
- •E) Vulgar words or vulgarisms
- •F) Colloquial coinages (words and meanings)
- •Variants and dialects of the english language
- •Immediate Constituents Analysis
7. A) Explain the formation of the following blends.
b) Translate them into Russian.
Flush, glaze, good-bye, slash, smog, flurry, twirl, chortle, dumbfound, cablegram, elecrocute, galumph, swellegant, zebrule, dollarature, animule, fruice.
8. Give the words denoting sounds produced by the animals enumerated below.
the cat…..
the dog….. the cricket…
the cow… the pig….
the ox…. the bee….
the cock… the duck…
the sheep.. the goose…
the frog… the snake….
the crow.. the horse…
the hen… the sparrow….
9. Comment on the formation of the following words and translate them into Russian.
Hubbub, band, blubber, bluster, flare, gibber, grumble, thunder, twirl, whiz, hiss, prance, bump, plump, boom, numble, sizzle, twitter.
Murmur, pooh-pooh, pom-pom, dumdum.
Bibble-babble, swish-swash, sputter-spatter, babble gabble, gibble-gable, ding-dong, flip-flap, ping-pong, fizzle sizzle, click-clack, bleb-blob.
10. Translate the following into English, using sound-imitative words:
шипеть, жужжать, квакать, щебетать, грохотать, стонать, визжать, мяукать, хихикать, ржать, блеять, мычать, баюкать, лаять, чирикать, скрежетать, звенеть, тарахтеть;
бах, трах, хлоп;
шорох, топот, рокот, грохот, вой, визг, рычание.
PRASEOLOGY
1.LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL VALENCY
2 STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF WORD GROUPS
3. TYPES OF MEANING OF WORD GROUPS
4 MOTIVATION IN WORD GROUPS
5. CLASSIFICATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS
6. HOW TO DISTINGUISH PHRASEOLOGICAL WORD- UNITS FROM WORD COMBINATIONS.
7 PROVEBS
8. EXERCISES
PHRASEOLOGY. WORD-GROUPS AND PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS
LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL VALENCY
The aptness of a word to appear in various combinations is described as lexical valency or collocability. The noun job, for example, is combined with such adjectives as backbreaking, difficult, hard; part-time, summer; cushy, easy; demanding; menial, etc. The noun myth may be a component of a number of word-groups, e.g.
To create a myth, to dispel a myth, to explode a myth, myths and etc.
Lexical valency acquires special importance in case of polysemy as through the lexical valency different meanings of a polysemantic word can be distinguished, for instance, cf.: heavy table ( sefe,luggage); heavy snow {rain, storm); heavy drinker (eater); heavy sleep(sorrow, disappointment); heavy industry (tanks).
The range of the lexical valency of words is linguistically restricted by the inner structure of the English word-stock. Though the verbs lift and raise are usually treated as synonyms, it is only the latter that is collocated with the noun question.
The restrictions of lexical valency of words may also manifest themselves in the lexical meanings of the polysemantic members of word groups. For example, the adjective heavy in the meaning 'rich and difficult to digest' is combined with the words food, meals, supper. But it cannot be used with the words cheese or sausage (the words with more or less the same component of meaning) implying that the cheese or the sausage is difficult to digest.
Words habitually collocated in speech tend to constitute a cliché, for instance, the noun arms and the noun race. Thus, arms race is a cliché.
The lexical valency of correlated words in different language is different, cf.: in English pot flowers — in Russian комнатные цветы.
Grammatical valency is the aptness of a word to appear in specific grammatical (or rather syntactic) structures. The minimal grammatical context in which words are used when brought together to form word
groups is usually described as the pattern of the word-groups. For instance, the verb to offer can be followed by the infinitive (to offer to do smth.) and the noun (to offer a cup of tea). The verb to suggest can be followed by the gerund (to suggest doing smth.) and the noun ( to suggest an idea). The grammatical valency of these verbs is different.
The adjectives clever and intelligent are seen to possess different grammatical valency as clever can be used in word-groups having the pattern: adjective + preposition 'at' + noun (clever at mathematics), whereas intelligent can never be found in exactly the same word-group pattern.
The grammatical valency of correlated words in different languages is not identical, cf.: in English to influence a person, a decision, a choice (verb + noun) — in Russian влиять на человека, на peшeнue,, на выбор (verb + preposition + noun).