- •2.Two approaches to language study
- •3. The theoretical and practical value of english lexicology
- •4. The connection of lexicology with phonetics, stylistics, grammar and other branches of linguistics
- •2 Characteristics of the word as the basic unit of a language
- •3 The notion of lexical system
- •4 The theory of oppositions
- •Chapter 3 lexicography
- •1. According to the scope of their word-list linguistic dictionaries are divided into general and restricted.
- •2. According to the information they provide all linguistic dictionaries fall into two groups: explanatory and specialized.
- •4. Dictionaries also fall into diachronic and synchronic with regard to time.
- •2 Problems of lexicography
- •1) The selection of lexical units for inclusion
- •2. Arrangement of Entries
- •3. Selection and Arrangement of Meanings
- •4. Definition of Meanings
- •5. Illustrative Examples
- •6. Choice of Adequate Equivalents
- •7. The structure of the dictionary
- •3 The development of english and american dictionary
- •Chapter 4
- •2. Borrowings
- •2.1 Structural elements of borrowings
- •2.2 Why are the words borrowed
- •2.3 The history of borrowings.
- •I. Latin Affixes
- •2.4. The influence of borrowings
- •3 Classifications of borrowings
- •Classification of borrowings according to the borrowed aspect
- •Italian borrowings.
- •4. Etymological doublets
- •5. International words
- •2.2 Functional approach to Meaning
- •Operational or information- oriented definitions of meaning
- •3.1 Lexical meaning
- •3.2 Aspects of lexical meaning In the general framework of lexical meaning several aspects can be singled out. They are:
- •3.2.1 The Denotational aspect
- •3.2.2. The Connotational aspect
- •3.2.3. The pragmatic aspect
- •5. Causes, nature and results of semantic change
- •5.2.1 Specialization
- •5.2.2.Generalization
- •5.2.3 Metaphor
- •5.2.4. Metonymy
- •6.1. Polysemy and Context. Types of Context
- •7.Semantic classification of the english vocabulary
- •8. Synonyms
- •9. Antonyms
- •If a word is polysemantic it can have several antonyms, e.G. The word «bright» has the antonyms «dim», «dull», «sad».
- •10 Homonyms
- •10. 1 Classifications of homonyms.
- •1. Morphemes. Classification of morphemes
- •2. Types of meaning in morphemes
- •3. Morphemic types of words
- •1) Monomorphic;
- •4. Types of word-segmentabiuty
- •5. Procedure of morphemic analysis
- •6. Various Types and Ways of Forming Words
- •7.Affixation
- •7.1 Suffixation.
- •7.2 Prefixation
- •2. Origin of prefixes:
- •8. Conversion
- •8. 1. Substantivization of adjectives
- •8.2. Diachronic approach to conversion
- •8.3. Basic criteria of semantic derivation in conversion
- •9.1 Composition
- •9.1 Ways of forming compound words.
- •9.1 Classifications of english compounds
- •10 Abbreviation
- •10.1Graphical abbreviations
- •10.2 Initial abbreviations
- •10.3 Abbreviations of words
- •1. Segment the following words into morphemes. Define (a) the semantic types and (b) the structural types of morphemes constituting the given words.
- •2 Translate the following words into Russian, taking into account the lexical meaning of the root and affixational morphemes.
- •3 Define the morphemes the differential meaning of which helps to distinguish between words in the given sets.
- •5. Analyze the following words according to their morphemic types. Define the subtypes of polymorphic words. Classify polyradical words into two group:
- •8. Write pairs of words (prefixed and non-prefixed); translate them paying attention to the meaning of the prefix and the meaning of the whole word.
- •2. Determine the original components of the following blends. Define which type (additive or restrictive) the blends belong to.
- •3. Define which words have been combined to form the following computer terms. Give their
- •4. According to their pronunciation classify the given acronyms into two groups:
- •7. A) Explain the formation of the following blends.
- •8. Give the words denoting sounds produced by the animals enumerated below.
- •2. Structure and classification of word-groups
- •3. Types of meaning of word-groups
- •4. Motivation in word-groups
- •5 Classification of phraseological units
- •5. 1 Ways of forming phraseological units
- •5.2 Semantic classification of phraseological units
- •5.3 Structural classification of phraseological units
- •5.4 Syntactical classification of phraseological units
- •6. How to Distinguish Phraseological Units from Free Word-Groups
- •7. Proverbs
- •Phraseology
- •1. What is the source of the following idioms? If in doubt consult your reference books.
- •2. Show that you understand the meaning of the following phraseological units by using each of them in a sentence.
- •3. Complete the following sentences, using the phraseological units given in the list below. Translate them into Russian.
- •4. Complete the following sentences, using the words from the list below. Translate the phraseological units into Russian.
- •5. State which of the expressions are phraseological units and which are free word combinations.
- •6. In the examples given below identify the phraseological units and classify them on the semantic principle.
- •7. In the examples given below identify the phraseological units and classify them on the structural principle. Translate the Phraseological units into Russian.
- •Stylistic classification of the english vocabulary
- •1. Neutral, common literary and common colloquial vocabulary
- •2. Special literary vocabulary
- •3. Special colloquial vocabulary
- •2. Neutral, common literary and common colloquial vocabulary
- •3. Special literary vocabulary a) Terms
- •B) Poetic and Highly Literary Words
- •C) Archaic, Obsolescent and Obsolete Words
- •D) Barbarisms and Foreignisms
- •E) Literary Coinages (Including Nonce-Words)
- •4. Special colloquial vocabulary a) Slang
- •B) Jargonisms
- •C) Professionalisms
- •D) Dialectal words
- •E) Vulgar words or vulgarisms
- •F) Colloquial coinages (words and meanings)
- •Variants and dialects of the english language
- •Immediate Constituents Analysis
2. Determine the original components of the following blends. Define which type (additive or restrictive) the blends belong to.
Positron, brunch, absotively, motel, spam, flush, slanguage, twirl, bit, mangy, transceiver, paratroops, crocogator, oilitics, dipward, windoor, newtopia, glumpy, cablegram, smaze, flextime, Oxbridge.
3. Define which words have been combined to form the following computer terms. Give their
meanings.
Netiquette, emoticon, netizen, technophobe.
4. According to their pronunciation classify the given acronyms into two groups:
1-those that are read as ordinary English words; 2) those with the alphabetic reading.
Model: NATFHE['n tfi:] —National Association of Teachers in Further and Higher Education (group 1); MP ['em 'pi:] — Member of Parliament (group 2)
NATO — North Atlantic Treaty Organization, UNO — United Nations Organization, WHO — The World Health Organization, BUPA — British United Provident Association, AGM— annual general meeting, WI— Women's Institute, UCAS — Universities and Colleges Admissions Service, IRA — Irish Republican Army, NASA — National Aeronautics and Space Administration, CID — Criminal Investigation Department, SALT— Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, UEFA — Union of European Football Associations, IQ — intelligence quotient, NAAFI— Navy, Army, and Air Force Institutes, MRBM— medium- range ballistic missile, FBI— Federal Bureau of Investigation, TEFL —teaching of English as a foreign language, UFO — unidentified flying object, UNRRA — United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, VIP — very important person, FIFA — Federal International Football Association, GI — government (or general) issue.
5.Group the words formed by sound-interchange into: 1) those formed by vowel-interchange or ablaut (& suffixation); 2) those formed by consonant-interchange; 3) those formed by combining both means, i.e. vowel-and consonant-interchange.
Model: reliefW—relieve (v): consonant-interchange
Long (adj) — length (n), speak (v) — speech (n), wreathe (v) —wreath (n), bake (v) — batch (n), strike (v) — stroke (n), house (n) —house (v), breathe (v) — breath (n), believe (v) — belief (n), full (adj) —fill (v), lose (v) — loss (n), prove (v) — proof (n), knot (n) — knit (v), glaze (v) — glass (n), shelve (v) — shelf (n), wake (v) — watch (n), loathe (v) — loath (n), use (v) — use (n), sing (v) — song (n), clothe (v) — cloth (n), bite (v) — bit (n), halve (v) — half (n), abide (v) - abode (n), serve (v) — serffh), deep (adj) — depth (n),bathe (v) – bath (a)»ride (v) -~ road (n).
6. What serves as a word- formation means in the given pairs of words. Stress these words. Model: ‘alternate (v) — alt’ernate (adj)
1-compound (n, adj) — compound (v); 2) perfect (adj) — perfect 3- permit (n) — permit (v); 4) progress (n) — progress (v);5 frequent (adj) — frequent (v); 6) affix (n) — affix (v); 7) contact 8-decrease (n) — decrease (v); 9) protest (n) — protest (v);10- produce (n) — produce (v); 11) survey (n) — survey (v); 12) conflict- conflict (v); 13) subject (n, adj) — subject (v).