- •2.Two approaches to language study
- •3. The theoretical and practical value of english lexicology
- •4. The connection of lexicology with phonetics, stylistics, grammar and other branches of linguistics
- •2 Characteristics of the word as the basic unit of a language
- •3 The notion of lexical system
- •4 The theory of oppositions
- •Chapter 3 lexicography
- •1. According to the scope of their word-list linguistic dictionaries are divided into general and restricted.
- •2. According to the information they provide all linguistic dictionaries fall into two groups: explanatory and specialized.
- •4. Dictionaries also fall into diachronic and synchronic with regard to time.
- •2 Problems of lexicography
- •1) The selection of lexical units for inclusion
- •2. Arrangement of Entries
- •3. Selection and Arrangement of Meanings
- •4. Definition of Meanings
- •5. Illustrative Examples
- •6. Choice of Adequate Equivalents
- •7. The structure of the dictionary
- •3 The development of english and american dictionary
- •Chapter 4
- •2. Borrowings
- •2.1 Structural elements of borrowings
- •2.2 Why are the words borrowed
- •2.3 The history of borrowings.
- •I. Latin Affixes
- •2.4. The influence of borrowings
- •3 Classifications of borrowings
- •Classification of borrowings according to the borrowed aspect
- •Italian borrowings.
- •4. Etymological doublets
- •5. International words
- •2.2 Functional approach to Meaning
- •Operational or information- oriented definitions of meaning
- •3.1 Lexical meaning
- •3.2 Aspects of lexical meaning In the general framework of lexical meaning several aspects can be singled out. They are:
- •3.2.1 The Denotational aspect
- •3.2.2. The Connotational aspect
- •3.2.3. The pragmatic aspect
- •5. Causes, nature and results of semantic change
- •5.2.1 Specialization
- •5.2.2.Generalization
- •5.2.3 Metaphor
- •5.2.4. Metonymy
- •6.1. Polysemy and Context. Types of Context
- •7.Semantic classification of the english vocabulary
- •8. Synonyms
- •9. Antonyms
- •If a word is polysemantic it can have several antonyms, e.G. The word «bright» has the antonyms «dim», «dull», «sad».
- •10 Homonyms
- •10. 1 Classifications of homonyms.
- •1. Morphemes. Classification of morphemes
- •2. Types of meaning in morphemes
- •3. Morphemic types of words
- •1) Monomorphic;
- •4. Types of word-segmentabiuty
- •5. Procedure of morphemic analysis
- •6. Various Types and Ways of Forming Words
- •7.Affixation
- •7.1 Suffixation.
- •7.2 Prefixation
- •2. Origin of prefixes:
- •8. Conversion
- •8. 1. Substantivization of adjectives
- •8.2. Diachronic approach to conversion
- •8.3. Basic criteria of semantic derivation in conversion
- •9.1 Composition
- •9.1 Ways of forming compound words.
- •9.1 Classifications of english compounds
- •10 Abbreviation
- •10.1Graphical abbreviations
- •10.2 Initial abbreviations
- •10.3 Abbreviations of words
- •1. Segment the following words into morphemes. Define (a) the semantic types and (b) the structural types of morphemes constituting the given words.
- •2 Translate the following words into Russian, taking into account the lexical meaning of the root and affixational morphemes.
- •3 Define the morphemes the differential meaning of which helps to distinguish between words in the given sets.
- •5. Analyze the following words according to their morphemic types. Define the subtypes of polymorphic words. Classify polyradical words into two group:
- •8. Write pairs of words (prefixed and non-prefixed); translate them paying attention to the meaning of the prefix and the meaning of the whole word.
- •2. Determine the original components of the following blends. Define which type (additive or restrictive) the blends belong to.
- •3. Define which words have been combined to form the following computer terms. Give their
- •4. According to their pronunciation classify the given acronyms into two groups:
- •7. A) Explain the formation of the following blends.
- •8. Give the words denoting sounds produced by the animals enumerated below.
- •2. Structure and classification of word-groups
- •3. Types of meaning of word-groups
- •4. Motivation in word-groups
- •5 Classification of phraseological units
- •5. 1 Ways of forming phraseological units
- •5.2 Semantic classification of phraseological units
- •5.3 Structural classification of phraseological units
- •5.4 Syntactical classification of phraseological units
- •6. How to Distinguish Phraseological Units from Free Word-Groups
- •7. Proverbs
- •Phraseology
- •1. What is the source of the following idioms? If in doubt consult your reference books.
- •2. Show that you understand the meaning of the following phraseological units by using each of them in a sentence.
- •3. Complete the following sentences, using the phraseological units given in the list below. Translate them into Russian.
- •4. Complete the following sentences, using the words from the list below. Translate the phraseological units into Russian.
- •5. State which of the expressions are phraseological units and which are free word combinations.
- •6. In the examples given below identify the phraseological units and classify them on the semantic principle.
- •7. In the examples given below identify the phraseological units and classify them on the structural principle. Translate the Phraseological units into Russian.
- •Stylistic classification of the english vocabulary
- •1. Neutral, common literary and common colloquial vocabulary
- •2. Special literary vocabulary
- •3. Special colloquial vocabulary
- •2. Neutral, common literary and common colloquial vocabulary
- •3. Special literary vocabulary a) Terms
- •B) Poetic and Highly Literary Words
- •C) Archaic, Obsolescent and Obsolete Words
- •D) Barbarisms and Foreignisms
- •E) Literary Coinages (Including Nonce-Words)
- •4. Special colloquial vocabulary a) Slang
- •B) Jargonisms
- •C) Professionalisms
- •D) Dialectal words
- •E) Vulgar words or vulgarisms
- •F) Colloquial coinages (words and meanings)
- •Variants and dialects of the english language
- •Immediate Constituents Analysis
2 Translate the following words into Russian, taking into account the lexical meaning of the root and affixational morphemes.
Model: weekly. The lexical meaning of the root-morpheme week- is 'a period of seven days’. The lexical meaning of the affixational morpheme -ly is 'frequency'. The word weekly is rendered in Russian by the word еженедельно
Eyelet, dehouse, neurosis, hostess, betrayal, antipathy, briefly, horsemanship, prewar, famous.
3 Define the morphemes the differential meaning of which helps to distinguish between words in the given sets.
Model: phraseology, ideology, mythology, neurology
THE morphemes- phrase-, ide(a)-, myth- and neuro- possess the differential meaning as each of them may serve to distinguish the word it forms from the words in the given set.
1 notebook, copybook, exercise book, textbook; 2) crossroads, cross-legged, crosswind, cross-current; 3) city-based, hospital-based, ocean-based, foreign-based; 4) forefoot, forehead, forepart, foreground; 5) raspberries, elderberries, strawberries, cranberries.
4 Classify the following words according to the part-of-speech meaning of their affixational morphemes.
ex: criticism - the affix -ism indicates that the derived word is a noun.
Suitability, hatless, accordingly, combination, befriend, sideways, hospitalize, boyhood, congratulatory, enlarge, northwards, spacious, bureaucracy, quarrelsome, clarify, breakage, drinkable, weaken.
5. Analyze the following words according to their morphemic types. Define the subtypes of polymorphic words. Classify polyradical words into two group:
1) words consisting of two or more roots with no affixational morphemes;
2) words containing two roots and one or more affixational morphemes,
Model- duck, illiterateness, back-bencher
The word duck is monomorphic. The word illiterateness is polymorphic, monoradical, prefixo-radical-suffixal. The word back-bencher is polymorphic, polyradical, contains two roots and one affixational morpheme
(group 2).
House, uncover, -dark-brown, disappointment, effective, black, disappointment, effective, black,
historian, book-keeper, cry, mistrust, unanswerable, home-sick, good, ex-wife, laughter-filled, unfortunately, age-long, manageability, short-sightedness.
6. Group the words according to the type of word-segmentability they may be referred to. Model: exceed, tablet, lifeless
Complete segmentability |
Conditional segmentability |
Defective segmentability |
lifeless — |
exceed |
tablet |
Hostage, nameless, fraction, perceive, pocket, discuss, feminist, contain, overload, pioneer, underestimate, proceed, athlete, pretend, amoral, mirror, unfriendly, assist, gooseberry, obsess, carefulness, manic, attract, budget.
6.1. In case of conditional segmentability give words possessing the same morphemes.
Model: relieve
The word relieve can be conditionally segmented into two morphemes re-and -lieve which occur in a number of other words, e.g. re-lax, be-lieve.
6.2. In case of defective segmentabiljty identify the denotational meaning of affixational morphemes.
Mode' barbarism- the denotational meaning of the affix -ism is 'behaviour'.
7. Analyze the following words from the point of view of their ICs and UCs applying an affix or a root principle.
Model: uncommonly
The morphemic analysis of the word uncommonly is based on the application of the affix principle and includes the following stages:
uncommon- (IC) + -ly (strangely, sadly) (IC/UC);
(unsafe, unclean) (IC/UC) + -common (IC/UC). The word consists of 3 UCs.
Independence, beautifulness, unforgettable, ultra-creative, spotlessness, disrespectful, unladylike, disarmament, injustice, disobedience.