1.Прочитай текст. Дай відповіді на питання після тексту.

2. Знайди дієслова вжиті у майбутньому часі та вмій їх перекласти.

3. Випиши слова, що стосуються теми «Природа і довкілля», вмій їх перекласти.

Global warming is something referred to as the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is the absorption energy radiated from the Earth’s surface by carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere, causing the atmosphere to become warmer. It is creating many problems.

Average global temperatures have risen 1 degree over the last century. If carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases continue to spill into the atmosphere, global temperatures could rise five to 10 degrees by the middle of the next century. Some areas, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere, will dry out and a greater occurrence of forest fires will take place.

At the present rate of destruction, most of the rainforests will be gone by the middle of the century. This will allow manmade deserts to invade at once lush areas. Evaporation rates will also increase and the water circulation patterns will change. Decreased rainfall in some areas will result in increased rainfalls in others. In some regions, river flow will be reduced or stopped all together completely. Other areas will experience sudden downpours that create massive floods.

If the present arctic ice melting continues, the sea could rise as much as 2 meters by the middle of the next century. Large areas of coastal land would disappear. Plants and other wildlife habitats might not have enough time to adjust to the rapidly changing climate. The warming will rearrange entire biological communities and cause many species to become died out.

The greenhouse effect and the global warming both correspond with each other. It means that without one, the other doesn’t exist.

1. What is a global warming?

2. What is greenhouse effect?

3. Why the water circulation patterns changing?

4. What might cause disappearing of large areas of coastal land?

5. Does the warming effect on biological communities?

6. Is there a correspondence between greenhouse effect and global warming?

Lesson 19. Environmental organizations.

Прочитай текст, визнач основні напрями діяльності організацій по захисту довкілля.

Environmental protection is a great concern of the Ukrainian Government.

The Ministry of Environmental Protection was founded in Ukraine.

Their tasks are to control the state of the environment and sources of pollution, to protect the water resources of Ukraine, to extend the network of nature reserves and to maintain co-operation with international ecological organizations.

Campaign for environmental protection is supported by public organizations and individuals.

The Ukrainian Green Party is very active today. “Zeleny Svit” is the Ukrainian ecological newspaper. It calls on people to protect the natural wealth and to use it in a more careful and economical manner for the benefit of the present and future generations.

There a lot of special organizations, which try to save our nature. One of them is Greenpeace. Greenpeace began its work 20 years ago from saving whales. And now Greenpeace is a world-famous organization, which saves plants, animals and people. These organization, want to rescue animals, to help them to survive and to save jungle rain forests, which are in danger of destruction. And they also help animals cause many of them have already gone as they have nowhere to live. Their homes, the trees, have disappeared. We must save wild animals. And we must find the right way to save land, people and animals. We must lчake care of nature, because we are part of it. People are beginning to realize that environmental problems are not somebody else’s. They join and support various international organizations and green parties. If governments wake up to what is happening – perhaps we’ll be able to avoid the disaster that threatens the natural world and all of us with it.

Besides, there are lot of international environmental organizations and we can divide them into groups:

• "Governmental" includes national government agencies and international intergovernmental agencies (such as United Nations organizations).

• "Industry Groups" lists environmental sites maintained by private corporations or industry consortia.

• "Professional Associations" are organizations of professionals engaged in various environmental fields.

• "Research Institutes" are operated by universities, governments, foundations, and NGOs. They are engaged primarily in acquisition and dissemination of scientific and technical knowledge about the environment or its protection.

Lesson 20. Writing assay.

Task. Write assay as following using advices.

■ When we write an article suggesting solutions to problems, we usually divide it into five paragraphs. In the first paragraph, we outline the problem(s) and/or cause(s). In the main body (parag. 2-4), we present our suggestions and their results. In the last paragraph, we summarise or restate our opinion. We can use Firstly, Secondly, etc to introduce each paragraph, as well as phrases of suggestion, such as it would help if ... , it would be a good idea if ... , one/another solution/ good idea is to ... , a(nother) useful suggestion would oe to ... , etc. To introduce results, we can use By doing this, In this way, If this were done, As a result, therefore, etc.

Example

1)Conditions in our city are getting worse every day. The traffic is awful and the streets are full of

litter. What’s more, the air is so polluted you can hardly see the sky through the smog. How can wemake our city a cleaner, healthier place to live and work in?

2) Firstly, steps must be taken to improve air quality.

A useful suggestion would be to ban cars from the city centre In this way, there would be fewer cars on the roads and lower levels of harmful gases would be released into the atmosphere. If this were done, there would be less smog over the city.

3) Secondly, it would be a good idea if factories were moved out of the area. The result of this would be that air pollution would be reduced. Alternatively, it would help if factories used special filters to stop poisonous gases escaping into the atmosphere.

4) Finally, efforts should be made to deal with the problem of litter. This could be solved quite easily by providing more rubbish bins in public places. As a result, people would stop dropping litter on the ground.

5) There are many ways to improve conditions in our city. Putting some of these ideas into action would definitely make life better for everyone.

Task

A local newspaper has asked its readers to write articles entitled "How to improve the global environment". Write your article suggesting ways to improve our environment. Use the plan below. You can use the article as a model.

Plan
Introduction
(Para 1)	state the problem(s) and/or
	the cause/s)
Main Body
(Para 2-4)	suggestions and results
Conclusion
(Para 5)	summarise your opinion

Lesson 21. Conditionals.

Conditionals Type 0/1

Use the prompts to make full sentences, then say which type of conditional each sentence is.

1. mix blue and yellow paint —* make green paint If you mix blue and yellow paint, you make green paint (Conditional Type 0)

2. not go to bed early —► be tired in the morning

3. freeze water —► become ice

4. miss the train —► be late for work

5. not eat breakfast —► be hungry later

6. put salt in coffee —► taste awful

7. not water plants —► die

8. go to party -> have fun

9. leave ice cream in the sun —► melt

10. not study hard —► not pass your exams

Write the verbs in the correct tense.

1 If you (cut down on) sweets, you'll lose weight.

2 If you (pour) water on a fire, the fire goes out.

3 If you add sugar to your coffee, you (make) it sweet.

4 If Clare is late, we (not/wait) for her.

5 If she (not/do) her homework, the teacher wiII be angry.

6 If he touches the oven, he (burn) himself.

7 If you heat metal, it (become) liquid.

8 If 1 (have) some free time, I'll drop by.

9 If he gets the job, he (be) very happy.

10 If 1 (see) Paul, I'll give him the book.

• Conditionals Type 2 and Type 3

Join the sentences, as in the example.

1	If he had taken a	A	1 would have gone
	map with him,		on a weekend trip.
2	If Fleming hadn'rV	B	he wouldn't have
	discovered		bought a new car.
	penicillin,	C	he wouldn't have
3	If she had told us		got lost.
	she was coming,	D	he wouldn't have
4	If he hadn't found a		been so rude.
	better paid job,	E	lots of people would
5	If 1 had finished		have died.
	painting my house,	F	we would have met
	6 If he hadn't lost his temper, 1-C		her at the airport.

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. 1 A: Hello, Miss Green. I'm Tom's mother. How's he doing with his homework? B: Not very well, I'm afraid. If I (be) you, I (offer) to help him. 2A: Was Ann punished by her teacher? B: Yes, she was. If she (not behave) so rudely, she (not be) punished. 3.A: Where (you/choose) to go if you (have) some time off? B: Well, probably to some exotic country, I suppose. 4.A: Could you please do me a favour? B: If I (have) the time, I (do) anything for you, but right now I'm terribly busy. 5.A: Did you pass your Maths test, then? B: No, I didn't. If I (study) harder I (not fail), but unfortunately I did. A: Have you told Martha what happened? B: No, not really. If I (tell) her the truth, she (be) furious. A: Why didn't Carol come to the party? B: Well, she (come) if you (invite) her.

Lesson 22. Youth organizations in Great Britain

Tasks:

Read the text.

Name three large groups of youth organizations in Great Britain.

Say about the Scout Association and its ideas, law and structure.

Name some other non-political organizations.

Say what Boy Scouts and Girl Guides have to do one good deed every day.

Youth and youth movement have become important factors in the life of the country. Numerous youth organizations have been formed since the Second World War, uniting young people from all classes and sections of the population. There are about 60 youth organizations in Great Britain. Youth Council, which represents the youth of the country both nationally and internationally. All youth organizations can be divided into three large groups:

1. non-political organizations;

2. youth organizations associated with political parties;

3. youth organizations controlled by religious bodies. The two largest non-political youth organizations are the associations of the Boy Scouts and the Girl Guides.

There are about 1300000 boys and girls in them. The membership is voluntary. The Scout Association was formed in 1908 by General Baden Powell. His idea was to train boys in mapping, signaling, knotting, first aid and all the skills that would arise from camping and outdoor activities. Most important of all for a Scout was to make a promise that he would do his best to do his duty to. God and the Queen, to help other people and to obey the Scout Law. The Boy Scouts had a left-handed handshake, a special badge and the motto “Be Prepared”.

The Scout Law embraces “honour, obedience, cheerfulness, thrift and cleanliness in thought and deed. The Scout movement was intended for boys from 11 to 14 (15), but in 1916 Baden Powell introduced a programme for younger people. He called them Wolf Cubs. They had special uniforms, badges, a special training system and the motto “Do your best!”. The Wolf Cub pack is based on Kipling’s “Jungle Book” about learning to survive. The Girl Guides Association was founded by Baden Pawell in 1910. It’s divided into three sections: Brownies (from 7.5 to 11), Guides (from 11 to 16), Rangers (from 16 to 21). The programme of training is planned to develop intelligence and practical skills including cookery, needlework, childcare. Like a Scout a Girl Guide must be a friend to animals. The Girl Guides Association has extensive international links.

There are some other non-political organizations: the Combined Cadet Force, Sea Cadet Corps, the Woodcraft Folk, the Youth Hostels Association, the National Federation of Young Farmers Clubs, Greenpeace. Youth Organization Greenpeace deals with most urgent ecological problems. It protests against nuclear weapon tests, sea and soil pollution, etc. Sport clubs are characteristic youth organizations in the UK. They unite people who are interested in baseball, football, golf, etc. There also exist interest clubs. You can attend any club: From theatre to bird-watching clubs. By the way, birdwatching clubs are very popular in Great Britain.

There are several youth organizations associated with political parties. The Youth Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (YCND) unites young people and organizes mass rallies and meetings, demonstrations, marches of protest, festivals. It co-operates with the National Union of Students. Religious young organizations and groups aim at helping to elderly people or working in hospitals. There are even groups where young people help released prisoners to start then life a-new.

Religious organizations pay attention not only to the study of religious views but involve youth into such activities as music festivals and amateur theatre. As you see, all there organizations aim at preserving and strengthening the social and political system existing in the country. Many of them have done and still are doing useful work in providing leisure facilities for young English people.

There are numerous different youth organisations in Great Britain. Some are large and some are small, some nation-wide and some local. Probably the largest are the Boy Scouts and the Girl Guides Associations, and the YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) and the YWCA (Young Women's Christian Association), or simply “Y” for short. The Boy Scouts and the Girl Guides are for school-age teen-agers and the YMCA and the YWCA are for school leavers, college students, and young people who had already started working. Boy Scouts and Girl Guides have to do one good deed every day, to develop themselves mentally and physically. In summer they go camping in tents with everything done by young people themselves. At the YMCA and the YWCA more attention is paid to sport and different social events, such as outing in the country, dances, debates, amateur activities, etc.

Lesson 23. Ukrainian symbols.

Ukrainian Symbols

According to the Constitution of Ukraine the state symbols of the country are:

•          The State Flag of Ukraine

•          The State Coat of Arms of Ukraine

•          The State Anthem of Ukraine

 

The State Flag of Ukraine

  The Ukrainian Constitution states that the National symbols of country are the National Flag, the National Emblem and the National Anthem. They were adopted by the Verkhovna Rada in 1992. The Ukrainian flag consist of two horizontal stripes of equal width. The top is blue and the bottom is yellow. These are the colours of the sky, the mountains, the rivers and the golden fields of our b beautiful country. Blue yellow (or gold) were symbols of Kyivan Rus long before the introduction of Christianity. These colours can be found on ancient emblems of the cities of Mirgorod, Lubny, Pryluky and some others. The National Emblem of Ukraine has changed during the millennium of Ukrainian history owing to various political and other factors. The contemporary national coat of arms of Ukraine is a trident. The first image of a trident appeared in the ninth century A.D. when Igor, Prince of Kyivan Rus sent ambassadors to sign a treaty with the Byzantine Emperor and they sealed the document with a trident. As the official emblem of Kievan princes the trident was stamped on the gold and silver coins and seals of Volodymir the Great by his ancestors became a hereditary preheraldic badge of all his descendants and rulers of the Kyivan Rus.

The secrets of the origin and meaning of the Ukrainian the trident have still not been completely solved by scholars. The archaeological finds of tridents in Ukrainian go back to the first century.

It is thought that the trident represented the division of the world into three spheres: the earthly, the celestial and the spiritual – as well as well as the union of the tree natural elements: air, water and earth.

The State Anthem of Ukraine

 

The State Anthem of Ukraine, whose performance starts and ends the official ceremonies of the state importance, had been set to the music by Mykhailo Verbytsky and verse by Pavlo Chubynsky. Creation of the Ukrainian anthem harks back to the beginning of 1862 when Pavlo Chubynsky, the Ukrainian ethnographer, folklorist and poet, wrote a poem Ukraine Has Not Died Yet that spread instantly among the circles Ukrainophiles recently unified into the Hromada, which was a liberal organization of Ukrainian bourgeois intelligentsia of the period. This patriotic verse caught the attention of the religious figures and one of them was Father Mykhailo (Verbytsky), quite a famous composer of the time was fascinated by the poem and composed the music to it Published for the first time in 1865, it came to be used as the national anthem since 1917. During 1917 to 1920, Ukraine's glory hasn't perished was not approved as the single state anthem: other hymns were also performed. Throughout the course of the Soviet period of the Ukrainian history this national anthem was officially forced into oblivion.

  On March 6, 2003, that the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine approved the Decree “On the State Anthem of Ukraine”. In accordance with it, the music of Mykhailo Verbytsky with only the first couplet and refrain of the Pavlo Chubynsky song Ukraine's glory hasn't perished was confirmed to be the State Anthem of the country

VOCABULARY

National Emblem ['næʃənl 'embləm] — Державний Герб

national anthem ['ænθəm] — Державний Гімн

to incorporate [ɪn'kɔ:p(ə)reɪt] — включати до складу

invasion [ɪn'veɪʒ(ə)n] — вторгнення, навала, напад

to revive [rɪ'vaiv] — відроджувати

crest [krest] — герб (на прапорах)

trident ['traɪdənt] — тризуб(ець)

insignia [ɪn'sɪgnɪə] — емблема

mace [meɪs] — жезл

to render ['rendə] — відтворювати, зображувати

ambassador [æmbæsədə] — посол; посланник

to seal [si:l] — скріплювати печаткою; печатка

to stamp [stæmp] — карбувати

to represent [,reprɪ'zent] — відображати; символізувати

celestial [sɪ'lestjəl] — небесний

to endorse [ɪn'dɔ:s] — схвалювати

QUESTIONS

1. What are the national symbols of Ukraine?

2. Describe the National Flag.

3. Where were the blue and golden colours incorporated?

4. What emblems of the cities do you know?

5. What is the National Emblem?

6. Why was trident chosen to be the emblem?

7. When were the Emblem and the Flag of Ukraine endorsed?

8. Who wrote the lyrics and music to the Anthem of Ukraine?

Lesson 24.

One of Europe’s first constitutional documents was signed in Ukraine in 1710. It was a contract between Cossack Hetman Pylyp Orlyk and Cossack officers that defined the rights and obligations of all of the army’s members. The document was an agreement between the Hetman and the Cossacks, who themselves acted on behalf of the Ukrainian people: it thus differed from other documents of this type, which were between a hetman and a monarch-protector. This was the first time that a newly elected hetman created with his voters a formal agreement that clearly delineated the bases and lines of power. The Constitution was approved by the Swedish King Charles the XII. It was written in Latin and Old Ukrainian and consisted of a preamble and 16 articles, but it did not take force, because it was written during the Hetman’s exile. The Orlyk Constitution is at the core of Ukrainian political, philosophical and legal thought.

With the "Pact and Constitution of Rights and Freedoms of the Cossack Army" ("Pacta et Constitutiones legum libertatumqe Exercitus Zaporoviensis"), the Ukrainian Hetman led not only Ukraine, but also the entirety of Europe, onto the path of democratic development in the eighteenth century.

According to historians, the Orlyk Constitution is one of the first European latter-day constitutions.

Hetman Orlyk was elected after the death of Ivan Mazepa. He headed the first Ukrainian political émigré community in Western Europe and the government in exile.

Pylyp Orlyk (1672-1742) came from an old Czech family. His father died in the war against the Turks. Pylyp studied at the Jesuit College in Vilnius and was an excellent student at the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. He was an educated man, distinguished in oratory and poetry and interested in philosophy and literature. He was competent in Ukrainian, Polish, Slavonic, Bulgarian, Serbian, Latin, Italian, German, Swedish, French, Russian, Ancient Greek, New Greek and probably Turkish. He held positions in the General Military Chancellery and subsequently became a general secretary and Mazepa’s closest adviser.

Orlyk’s hope of a fast liberation for Ukraine turned out to be unrealizable. In 1714 Orlyk left Bender to travel around Europe. At the invitation of Charles the XII, he and a number of his officers moved to Sweden. In 1720 he moved to Germany and later moved to France. After 1722 he was forced to go to Turkey, where he spent his last 20 years.

Pylyp Orlyk is one of the greatest freedom fighters in Ukraine’s history. The street in Kyiv on which the Supreme Court of Ukraine is located was named in his honor. In the Swedish city of Kristianstad, in which he lived, there is a memorial plaque in his honor.

Lesson 25. Using I wish, if I were you.

Умовні речення з I wish

Дієслово wish може використовуватися в умовних реченнях для того, щоб висловити своє співчуття. Співчуття висловлюємо про якусь теперішню подію або про те, що сталося в минулому.

1. Для того, щоб висловити співчуття про теперішній час ми використовуємо Past Simple.

I wish I had a mobile phone! — Шкода, що в мене нема мобільного телефону. I wish you were here. — Шкода, що тебе немає тут.

* Після wish дієслово to be вживаєтсья як were.

2. Past Simple ми використовуємо, щоб висловити співчуття про минуле.

I wish I had received your letter earlier. — Шкода, що я не отримав вашого листа раніше. I wish I’d known about the party. — Шкода, що я не знав про вечірку.

3. Якщо ми хочемо вказати на те, як повинен себе вести та чи інша людина або побажати, щоб щось змінилося або трапилося в майбутньому, ми використовуємо конструкцію wish + would.

I wish you would stop talking about your trip to Las Vegas. — Я б хотів, щоб ти перестала говорити про свою поїздку до Лас-Вегаса I wish he would go! — Хочу, щоб він пішов!

Перефразуйте речення за зразком використовуючи структуру I wish...:

Pattern: I'm sorry I haven't got a washing machine. – I wish I had a washing machine.

1. I'm sorry I don't live near my work. 2. I'm sorry our garden doesn't get any sun.  3. I'm sorry I called him a liar. 4. I'm sorry I don't know Finnish.  5. I'm sorry I didn't book a seat. 6. I'm sorry I haven't got a car. 7. I'm sorry I can't drive.  8. I'd like Tom to drive more slowly (but I haven't any  great hopes of this).  9. I'd like you to keep quiet. (You're making so much noise that I can't think.) 10. I'm sorry that theatre tickets cost so much.  11. It's a pity that shops here shut on Saturday afternoon.   12. It's a pity he didn't work harder during the term. 13. It's a pity you are going tonight.  14. It's a pity I haven't got a work permit.  15. I would like it to stop raining (but I'm not very hopeful).  16. I'd like you to wait for me (even though you are ready to start now).  17. I'm sorry I didn’t bring a map.  18. I'm sorry I left my last job.  19. I'm sorry I didn’t stay in my last job.  20. I'd like him to cut his hair (but I don't suppose he will). 

 Другий тип умовних речень в англійській мові висловлює малоймовірна умова, яка може ставитися як до теперішнього, так і до майбутнього часу. Для того щоб утворити такий тип умовного речення, необхідно в підрядному реченні вжити дієслово у формі простого або тривалого минулого часу (Past Indefinite / Past Continuous), а в головному реченні створити складну форму умовного способу з дієслів should / would і простого інфінітива дієслова без to . Якщо ж у підрядному реченні ми маємо дієслово to be, то його формою умовного способу буде were для всіх осіб. Крім дієслів should / would можна вживати модальні дієслова could / might.

Приклад:

If I were you, I would discuss this question with your boss. – Якщо б я був на твоєму місці, я б обговорив це питання з твоїм начальником.

Exercise.

Прочитайте текст пісні та знайдіть речення умови з If I were та зробіть їхній переклад.

Beyoncé - If I Were A Girl (If I Were A Boy)

If I were a boy Even just for a day I'd roll oudda bed in the mornin' And throw on what I wanted then go Drink beer with the guys And chase after girls I'd kick it with who I wanted And I'd never get confronted for it. Cause they'd stick up for me. If I were a boy I think I could understand How it feels to love a girl I swear I'd be a better man. I'd listen to her Cause I know how it hurts When you lose the one you wanted Cause he's taken you for granted And everything you had got destroyed If I were a girl Even just for a day I'd get oudda bed in the mornin' And take forever to ready. Complain to my friends As if they got a man. (Ohh) They talk about you cause they jealous, I just steady listen to it I should get rid of them. If I were a girl I don't think I'd understand How it feels to love a boy I swear I'd be a better woman. I'd listen to him Cause I don't know everything. I would always try to tell em That he needs to treat me better Like I don't godda change at all. If I were a girl It's a little too late for you to come back (No) Say it's just a mistake Think I'd forgive you like that (I don't) If you thought I would wait for you You thought wrong (I'm better off) But you're just a boy And you're just a girl You don't understand (No) Yeah you don't understand (Oh) How it feels to love a girl someday You wish you were a better man You don't listen to her And you don't listen to him You don't care how it hurts You don't care how I feel Until you lose the one you wanted Cause you've taken her for granted And everything you had got destroyed But you're just a boy And you're just a girl

Lesson 26. Foreign affairs of Ukraine

Read and translate the text. Answer the questions after reading.

Ukraine has different relations with many countries of the world.

We have wide relations with Canada, the USA, Great Britain and other countries.

Recently a great number of various joint ventures and economic, cultural and political projects have appeared in Ukraine.

Our specialists in different scientific fields improve their qualification abroad.

We also have programs of students’ and schoolchildren’s exchange.

English, Canadian and American children visit Ukrainian families, go to Ukrainian schools, while Ukrainian children stay at their host families abroad.

These exchange programs help us to understand each other better, to study culture and traditions of other countries.

A lot of Ukrainians have emigrated to Great Britain.

That’s why in 1947 the Association of Ukrainians in Great Britain was founded.

This association has some Help Funds that sponsor different important actions.

The association gives help to the Ukrainian students who study in British Universities.

The same associations and societies exist in many other countries.

From year to year the number of spheres of our relations with the countries abroad grow.

Every year a lot of tourists visit Ukraine, while the Ukrainians go to the countries abroad.

We hope that our relations with other countries will go on growing.

Questions:

1. What countries does Ukraine have relations with?

2. What are the exchange programs meant for?

3. What associations do you know in Great Britain?

4. Who visits our country every year?



55