Instruction, instruct, instructed, instructor

a) Our math’s _____ explained to us the principles of binary arithmetic.

b) We were _____ to document our programs very carefully.

c) Both ____ and data have to be changed to machine code before the computer can operate on them.

compilation, compiler, compile, compiled

a) Our university computer does not have a PASCAL________.

b) Usually, a programmer _____ his program before he puts in the data.

c) A source program cannot be directly processed by the computer until it has been ____.

result, results, resulting

a) The linkage editor links systems routines to object module. The _______ program, referred to as the load module, is directly executed by the computer.

b) The _________ of these mathematical operations were obtained from the university mainframe and not from my micro.

Task 9

Get ready for module text reading. Practice active vocabulary on the topic. First, read the words in the left column paying attention to their pronunciation. Then, find the Ukrainian equivalents in the right column. Spare column is left for your notes.

Programming A set of instructions A sequence of instr-s to perform a procedure to constitute computation subroutine to be available to in order to so-called programming language assembly language to provide smth to be similar to low/high level to be oriented to user to be familiar with to write in notation to be aimed at several versions internationally accepted scientific/commercial use to be designed an error

Підпрограма Послідовність команд Складати, утворювати Бути доступним для Програмування Виконати процедуру Набір команд Обчислення Помилка Програма-асемблер, транслятор, компонуюча програма Висок., низький рівень Бути знайомим з Міжнародно прийнятий Користувач Декілька версій Бути зорієнтованим на Бути націленим на, мати на меті Система позначення Мова програмування Для того, щоб Так званий Використання з наук./комерц. метою Бути подібним до Бути створеним

Task 10

Read the text and say what languages the programmers and IT-specialists use in their work.

Programming languages

Programming is the process by which a set of instructions is produced for a computer to make it perform a certain procedure. The word "program" means the sequence of instructions which a computer carries out. A program usually consists of subroutines or subprograms. A subroutine is part of a program which constitutes a logical section of the program. It is written only once in the program, but may be used many times during the computation.

Many common subroutines are used quite often. That is why it is necessary to have a library of subroutines stored in some part of the computer memory and available to the programmer.

In order to make a computer perform certain instructions or commands, people use the so-called programming languages. The most primitive type of programming language is known as an assembly language. It provides commands that are very similar to the machine language of the computer. The assembly language is the most machine-dependent one. The advantage of this language is that it is easy for the computer to understand it.

The assembly language is a low level language which is oriented to the machine code of a computer. But there are also the so-called high level languages which allow users to write in a notation which they are more familiar with.

High level languages are usually aimed at a certain problem. There are several types of high level languages. One of them is FORTRAN. FORTRAN is an acronym for FORmula TRANslation. It is a problem oriented high level programming language for scientific and mathematical use. FORTRAN was the first high level programming language. It was introduced in 1954. There were several versions of FORTRAN.

Another high level language is PL/1. It was introduced in 1964. PL/1 stands for Programming Language 1. It is a general-purpose high level programming language for scientific and commercial applications.

ALGOL is another high level language. It was introduced in the early 1960s and gained popularity in Europe more than in the United States. ALGOL is an acronym for ALGOrithmic Language. It is a problem oriented high level programming language for mathematical and scientific use.

COBOL is an acronym for COmmon Business Oriented Language. It is internationally accepted programming language developed for general commercial use.

BASIC is a high level programming language designed by solving mathematical and business problems. It was developed in 1965 and stands for Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.

One more high level programming language is PASCAL. It is a general-purpose high level language named after the French mathematician Blaise Pascal.

C is a modern high level programming language, designed in the 1970s for usage with UNIX operating system. It replaced the programming language B which had been intended for UNIX. C is much more flexible than other high level languages and due to this it has now become a widely used professional language for various reasons. There are two modifications of this language – C+ and C++.

One more modern high level programming language is Java. It looks a lot like C++, but its strength lies in a slightly different area than that of C++. A well-written Java program is generally far simpler and much easier to understand than the equivalent C program. Java’s error handling is a big improvement over most other languages which lead to greater programming productivity.

Task 11

Read the text again and choose an appropriate variant

1. Programming is _____.

1. the process by which a set of instructions is produced for a computer to make it perform a certain procedure

2. the process of finding an unknown member of equation

3. the process of creating programmes

2. A program can be defined as _____.

a. a set of programming languages

b. the sequence of instructions which a computer carries out

c. a subroutine

3. A subroutine is _____.

1. everyday activities

2. the process of creating programmes

3. a part of a program which constitutes a logical section of the program

3. A subroutine is _____.

1. written only once in the program, but may be used many times during the computation.

2. written over and over again

3. used only once

3. A library of subroutines is _____.

1. stored on the shelf

2. not available to the programmer

3. stored in the computer memory

3. People use programming languages ______.

1. to keep some information in a secret

2. to make friends with a computer

3. to make a computer perform certain instructions or commands

3. The assembly language is _____.

1. the most primitive type of programming language

2. the least machine-dependent one

3. difficult for the computer to understand it

3. High level languages _____.

1. allow users to write in a notation which they are not familiar with

2. are usually aimed at a certain problem

3. and the assembly language are the same

3. FORTRAN _____.

1. was the last high level programming language

2. was introduced in 1955

3. had several versions

3. ALGOL was _____.

1. introduced in the beginning of 20^th century

2. the assembly language

3. more popular in Europe than in the United States

Task 12

Answer the questions on the text:

1. What is programming?

2. What "program" means?

3. What are the main components of a program?

4. For how long is a subroutine usually used?

5. What’s the purpose of a library of subroutines?

6. What is the main function of a programming language?

7. What’s the most primitive type of a programming language and what do you know about it?

8. What is specific about high-level languages?

9. Give the examples of programming languages.

Task 13

Find Ukrainian equivalent for the word combinations below:

Access program, application program, archived program, binary program, common program, compatible/ incompatible program, control/ management program, database program, debugging program, educational/ teaching/ training program, free program, general- purpose program, high- performance program, off- line/ on-line program, operating (-system) program, processing program, protected- mode program, remote program, running program, self- loading program, simulation program, support program, utility program, virus- detection program, watch- dog program.

Програма у двійковому коді, прикладна програма, (не) сумісна програма, бескоштовна програма, програма відладки, сторожева програма, дистанційна програма, програма моделювання, сервісна програма, допоміжна програма, програма доступу до даних, заархівована програма, працююча з базою даних програма, навчальна програма, програма, що працює на високій швидкості, універсальна програма, програма, яка виконується у захищеному режимі, програма обробки даних, програма операційної системи (системна програма), виконувана програма, сітьова/ несітьова програма, програма, що завантажується сама, поширена програма, програма управління, програма виявлення вірусів.

Task 14

Read the text and render it in English: