Use of modal verbs to express necessity

TIME OF ACTION	NECESSITY CAUSED BY CIRCUMSTANCES	ABSENCE OF NECESSITY	NECESSITY AS A RESULT OF PLAN, AGREEMENT, GENERAL AGREEMENT, TIME-TABLE
PRESENT	You must go shopping. Our fridge is empty. I have to do it myself. There’s nobody to help me. (I have got to do it myself.)	You needn’t go shopping now. We have enough food. I don’t have to do it all by myself. I’ll ask them to help me.	You are to meet her at the airport at 11am on Monday. When are we to have a workshop?
PAST	We had to wait as there was nobody at the office.	You needn’t have gone shopping. We had enough food. the action was carried out I didn’t have to do it all by myself. I asked them to help me. the action wasn’t carried out	We had an early appointment that day. We were to come to his office at 9.
FUTURE	You’ll have to leave earlier if you want to be on time.	You won’t have to go shopping tomorrow. There will be much food left after the party.

Exercise 219. Develop the situations giving possible comment.

Model. You bought some bread. When you came home, it turned out that there was plenty of bread. - I needn’t have bought bread.

- If I keep this bread in the freezer, I won’t have to buy bread for 2 days.

1. Your car needs service. You cannot fix it yourself.

2. The meeting was at six. You were late. You were in a hurry to get to it! But when you finally arrived at the office, the secretary told you that the meeting had been rescheduled.

3. Your friend calls you and says that he needs your help badly.

4. You don’t feel like going to a party. Your friend is trying to convince you to go.

5. You want to buy a new cell phone. Your old cell phone is still all right.

6. You know that you have to work on your Year Paper. Your friend calls and invites you to go out.

Exercise 220. Translate into English using can, may, must, have to, be to or need. 

1. Не надо ее будить, пусть отдохнет. Я все сделаю сама. 2. И ты никогда, никогда не должен даже близко подходить к нашему дому! 3. Они, должно быть, уже целый час ждут его в аэропорту. 4. О нет, это же моя курсовая работа! Теперь придется все печатать заново. 5. Незачем было так торопиться. У тебя было достаточно времени. 5. Им было суждено встретиться на борту того злополучного корабля. 6. – Должны ли мы сделать все упражнение целиком? – Нет, не надо. Пункт B вы сделаете дома. 7. Должно быть, она получила неприятные известия. Она так расстроена. 8. Вам можно было и не покупать десерт, я приготовила фруктовое желе. 9. Не смей шуметь! Папа сейчас работает. 10. Ты могла бы позвонить или на крайний случай послать SMS. У нас ведь нету номера твоего мобильного телефона. Мы так волновались. 11. Если вы будете продолжать опаздывать на занятия, мне придется принять меры. 12. Они уехали на прогулку и к семи часам должны вернуться. 13. Это должно было случиться. Ничто не могло этому помешать. 14. Почему ты должен помогать ему? Он тебе когда-нибудь помогал? 15. Должно быть, креветки были несвежие. 16. Он сказал мне, что я должен напечатать статью сегодня. 17. Напрасно вы волновались. Все прошло отлично. 18. Сегодня мы идем в ресторан и не надо готовить ужин. 19. Я должна была там быть час тому назад. Они  могут подумать, что со мной что-то случилось. 20. Я должен был встречать их на вокзале в 8. Я должен был ехать на метро, но по привычке поехал на машине. В результате я опоздал на час. Расплатой за мое опоздание было количество сумок, которые мне пришлось самому тащить в машину, так как тележки были платные, а я забыл кошелек дома.

DARE

Dare means “to have the courage /impertinence to do something”. In the negative it denotes the lack of courage to do something. Dare may take auxiliary to form the negative and the interrogative forms, it may be followed by the bare infinitive or by the infinitive with the particle to. As an ordinary verb it is followed by an infinitive with to, with “-s” in the third person singular and with questions and negatives formed with do.

E.g. He never dares to criticize her for wasting money and she doesn’t dare to interrupt him when he’s working.

As a modal auxiliary verb followed by an infinitive without to, with no third person singular S and with questions and negatives without do.

E.g. Dare she tell him what she thinks about him? She daren’t say anything. He will only shout at her. “How dare you speak to me like that?” he will say.

How dare you ask her about it!

Dare as well as need may be used as a normal verb having three forms: dare, dared and will dare, and as a modal verb, too.

E.g. You dare address me in that tone! How dare you to go out without my permission! He didn’t dare to meet his uncle. Did he dare to strike me? You know you didn’t dare give that order! I can’t look down, I daren’t. Dare we go in yet?

In the affirmative sentences dare is mostly used as “I dare say” (sometimes spelled “Daresay”) in the meaning “I suppose” (“я полагаю ...”) only with the indefinite infinitive.

E.g. I dare say you’re right. I dare say I'm pretty hungry after all that cycling.

Differences in use are not as fixed or clear cut between doesn’t dare to and daren’t as they are between doesn’t need to and needn’t, except in expressions or collocations such as:

E.g. How dare you? - How dare you walk away when I’m talking to you? E.g. I dare you to… - I dare you to go up to him and ask him for a date. (Ну, подойди же к нему и пригласи на свидание.)

You may find mixed modal/ordinary verb structures, such as:

E.g. He didn't dare complain about the quality of the food.

E.g. Don’t you dare! – Don’t you dare throw that snowball at me!

Note. Dare, like other modals, is never used in progressive form and need is not often used in progressive form:

E.g. I was driving as fast as I dared.

E.g. Are you driving into town today, Tom? Jack needs a lift.

E.g. Will you be needing any help with your homework?

Exercise 221. Read and translate the sentences into Russian. State the meaning of the modal verb dare.

1. You see, we don’t dare use this dirt road after the rain. 2. She daren’t mention this accident in his presence. 3. How dare you leave me here all alone? 4. Charlie was a compassionate boy, so he didn’t dare leave Mrs. Forrester alone at the bus stop. 5. I daresay, we have never thought that she may move out. 6. They have never dared set their foot on her doorstep. 7. Don’t you dare tell me any more lies! 8. Sheila never dare ask him about his late wife. 9. I dare you to invite him for dinner tomorrow. 10. Dare you look away when I’m talking to you?

Exercise 222. Read the poems, mind the use of dare.

Courage

George Herbert

Dare to be true: 

Nothing can need 

A lie; 

The fault that needs 

One most 

Grows two thereby. 

I, too

Langston Hughes

I, too, sing America. 

I am the darker brother. 

Tomorrow, 

I’ll sit at the table 

When company comes 

Nobody’ll dare 

Say to me, 

“Eat in the kitchen,”

Then. 

Besides, 

They’ll see how beautiful I am 

And be ashamed –  

I, too, am America.

Exercise 223. Express your attitude using dare.

Model. He has hit a child! – How dare/dared he do it! It’s highly improper! That’s unheard of!

1. He will never call back. 2. She took the files without our permission. 3. Fran is so bold. She took my bike and left. 4. You parked your car on the area designated for handicapped! 5. How can you ask me about the circumstances of my birth? 6. We can stay a day more, can’t we? 7. He put his muddy boots on the table. 8. I think I will have another helping of apple pie. 9. She didn’t inform us of her visit. 10. He has had a beer and he still wants to drive back home.

Exercise 224. Translate into Russian using your Active Grammar.

1. Смеем ли мы сказать ему об этом? 2. Он не посмеет рассмотреть их предложение раньше! 3. Да как вы смеете со мной так говорить? 4. Сколько раз он подходил к дому Келли, но так и не осмелился приблизиться. 5. Смею заметить, превосходная была уха! 6. Я думаю, у него хватит наглости отправить это письмо. 7. Да как ты можешь есть мясо, сейчас же пост! 8. Не смей курить, в комнате ребенок. 9. Если она посмеет упомянуть о той вечеринке, она свое получит! 10. Не смотря на предупреждение он посмел появиться в суде.

TOPIC: Sport and games. Health and physical shape. Sport in Great Britain.

Exercise 225. Match the following words with the verbs below:

bike riding, bowling, hiking, jogging, rollerblading, skiing, swimming, walking, badminton, baseball, basketball, Frisbee, golf, soccer, tennis, volleyball, aerobics, calisthenics, karate, yoga
go	play	do

Exercise 226. Role-play the jokes.

***

The champion athlete in bed with a cold was told that he had a temperature.

“How high is it, Doctor?” he wanted to know.

“A hundred and one.”

“What’s the world’s record?”

***

“Why do you play golf so much?”

“It keeps me fit.”

“What for?”

“Golf.”

***

Golfer: “Absolutely shocking! I’ve never played so badly before.”

Caddy: “Oh! You have played before, then?”

***

The boxer returned to his dressing-room looking drawn and haggard, for he had had a terrific beating in the ring. He felt absolutely done, and looked it. He opened his eyes when the promoter approached.

“Hard lines, Jack,” said the promoter as he gazed down at his battered charge; “but I have good news for you!”

“Well, what’s the good news?”

“I’ve been lucky enough to fix a return match for you!”

Exercise 227. Read the text. Make up a plan of it. Find out about the Winter Olympic Games and share this information with class. What countries were the Olympic Games held at? (Use a map)

The Olympic Games.

The Olympic Games began in Olympia, Greece. No one knows the exact date, but it was more than 3,000 years ago. The first Olympic Games that were recorded in history

took place in 776 B.C. After that, we know that they happened every four years until 394 A.D.

These original Olympic Games were part of religious festivals to honour the Greek gods. Every four years a truce was called and all wars stopped for one month. In the beginning, the only contest was a 190 meter sprint, and then other contests such as chariot racing, boxing and wrestling were added to the Games. The pentathlon is still important in today’s Olympic Games, although all five events are different. Only men were allowed to participate in the ancient Olympics.

The original Olympic Games lasted until 394 A.D., when they were stopped by the Romans. By that time, Greece had become part of the Roman Empire. The Romans, who were Christians, felt that the Olympic Games glorified the body and were pagan rituals.

For 1,500 years there were no Olympic Games. In the late 1800’s, an idealistic Frenchman with a dream brought them back. His name was Baron Pierre de Coubertin, and his dream was to bring the people of the world together through athletics. The first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens, Greece in 1896. Women could participate in very few events.

Since 1896, the Olympic Games have been held every four years except during World Wars I and II. There have been many changes since the days of the ancient Olympics. More events have been added and more countries send their athletes to participate in the Olympic Games.

In 1986, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) made important changes in the rules: the professional athletes are now allowed to compete in several sports and the Winter Olympic Games are separated from the Summer Olympic Games. The Winter Olympic Games are held 2 years before the Summer Olympic Games.

Once every two years, athletes from the nations of the world come together to compete in a series of athletic events called the Olympic Games. There are two sets of games – the winter games and the summer games. Some of the events involve individual athletes competing against each other, and some events involve a group of athletes, called a team, competing against other teams.

There are more than 20 kinds of competitive games in the Summer Olympic Games, for instance archery, basketball, boxing, cycling, diving, gymnastics, rowing, shooting, swimming, track and field, water polo, volleyball, wrestling and yachting. Many of these competitions have several events. For example, the track and field event includes, for both men and women, 26 different running events, 6 jumping events and 7 throwing events.

The purpose of all international athletic competition is to bring athletes together to compete and to strive for excellence. The reward is not money, but a single prize, a medal. In the Olympic Games, the winner (first place) receives a gold medal. The runner-up (second place) receives a silver medal, and the second runner-up (third place) receives a bronze medal. One of the great thrills of the Olympic Games is the moment when the winners receive their medals. This is their reward for the skill, discipline and courage and the many years of hard work it took them to achieve athletic excellence.

Here is the list of the Olympic sites from 1896 to 2008.

Summer Games	Winter Games
1896 Athens	1924 Chamonix
1900 Paris	1928 St. Moritz
1904 St. Lois	1932 Lake Placid
1908 London	1936 Garmish-Partenkirchen
1912 Stockholm	1948 St. Moritz
1920 Antwerp	1952 Oslo
1924 Paris	1956 Cortina d’Ampezzo
1928 Amsterdam	1960 Squaw Valley
1932 Los Angeles	1964 Innsbruck
1936 Berlin	1968 Grenoble
1948 London	1972 Sapporo
1952 Helsinki	1976 Innsbruck
1956 Melbourne	1980 Lake Placid
1960 Rome	1984 Sarajevo
1964 Tokyo	1988 Calgary
1968 Mexico City	1992 Albertville
1972 Munich	1994 Lillehammer
1976 Montreal	1998 Nagano
1980 Moscow	2002 Salt Lake City
1988 Seoul	2006 Turin
1992 Barcelona
1996 Atlanta
2000 Sydney
2004 Athens
2008 Beijing

Exercise 228. Read the text. Choose one kind of sports which is being developed in Russia and make a short report on the analogy of the information given below.

A to Z of Some Popular Sports in Britain.

Angling

One of the most popular countryside sports is angling, of which there are three main types: coarse, game and sea.

Angling is am overwhelmingly male sport, with an estimated ten times as many male as female participants among Britain’s 4 million anglers. Many fish for salmon and trout, particularly in the rivers and lochs of Scotland and in Wales. In England and Wales the most widely organized form of angling is for coarse fish. Separate organizations represent game, coarse and sea fishing clubs in sport, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

The National Federation of Anglers in England organizes national championships for coarse fishing and enters a team in the world angling championships.

Badminton

Badminton takes its name from the Duke of Beaufort’s country home, Badminton House, where the sport was first played in the 19^th century. Around 5 million people play badminton in Britain and there are over 5,000 clubs. The All England Badminton Championships, held at the National Indoor Arena in Birmingham, is the premier tournament in the world grand prix circuit.

A mini version of the game – Short Badminton – and badminton for the disabled have been introduced in recent years.

Basketball

In Britain over 3 million people participate in basketball. The English Basket Ball Association is the governing body in England, and there are similar associations in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

The leading clubs play in the National Basketball Leagues. Mini- basketball and micro- basketball are versions of the game which have been developed for players under the age of 13.

Wheelchair basketball is played under the same rules, with a few basic adaptations, and on the same court as the running game. Over 30 teams play in the National League.

Boxing

Boxing in its modern form is based on the rules established by the Marquess of Queensberry in 1865. In Britain boxing is both amateur and professional, and in both strict medical regulations are observed.

All amateur boxing in England is controlled by the Amateur Boxing Association of England. There are separate associations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The associations organize amateur boxing championships as well as training courses for referees, coaches and others. The wearing of headguards is now compulsory in all British amateur competitions.

Professional boxing is controlled by the British Boxing Board of Control. The Board appoints inspectors, medical officers and representatives to ensure that regulations are observed and to guard against overmatching and exploitation.

Cricket

The basic rules for cricket were drawn up in 1835 by the Marylebone Cricket Club, which still frames the laws of the game today. The administrative centre of the English game is based at Lord’s cricket ground in north London.

Cricket is played in schools, colleges and universities, and amateur teams play weekly games in cities, towns and villages. Throughout Britain there is a network of cricket consisting of first class, minor counties and club games with a variety of leagues.

The main competition in professional cricket is the Britannic Assurance County Championship, played by 18 first-class county teams in four-day matches.

A World Cup takes place every four years.

Women’s cricket is played at local, county and international level.

Football

Association football is controlled by separate football associations in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. In England 340 clubs are affiliated to the Football Association (FA) and more than 42,000 clubs to regional or district association. The FA,

founded in 1863, and the Football League, founded in 1888, were both the first of their kind in the world.

During the season, which lasts from August until May, over 2,000 English League matches are played.

In England the major annual knock-out competitions are the FA Cup and the Coca Cola Cup (the League Cup).

Greyhound Racing

Greyhound racing is one Britain’s most popular spectator sports and takes places at 37 major tracks. Meetings are usually held three times at each track, with at least ten races a meeting. The main event is of the year is the Greyhound Derby, run in June at Wimbledon Stadium, London. There are also about 50 mainly small tracks which operate independently. Like the major tracks, they are licensed by local authorities.

The rules of the sport are drawn up by the National Greyhound Racing Club, the sport’s judicial and administrative body. The representative body is the British Greyhound Racing Board.

Horse Racing

Horse racing takes two forms – flat racing and National Hunt (steeplechasing and hurdle) racing. The main flat race season runs from late March to early November, but all-weather flat racing and National Hunt racing take place throughout the year.

The Derby, run at Epsom, is the outstanding event in the flat racing calendar. Other classic races are: the 2,000 Guineas and the 1,000 Guineas, both run at Newmarket; the Oaks (Epsom); and the St Leger (Doncaster). Floodlit racing takes place at Wolverhampton all-weather racecourse. Britain has 59 racecourses and about 13,000 horses currently in training.

The most important National Hunt meeting is the National Hunt Festival held at Cheltenham in March, which features the Gold Cup and the Champion Hurdle. The Grand National, run at Aintree, near Liverpool, is the world’s best-known steeplechase and dates from 1839.

The British Horseracing Board is the governing authority for racing in Britain. Its responsibilities include the fixture list, race programmes, relations with the Government and the betting industry, and central marketing. The Jockey Club, as the regulatory authority, remains responsible for licensing, discipline and security.

Motor-car Sports.

The main four-wheeled motor sports include motor racing, autocross, rallycross, rallying and carting. In motor racing the Grand Prix Formula 1 World Championship is the major form of the sport.

The governing body for four-wheeled motor sport in Britain is the RAC (Royal Automobile Club) Motor Sports Association. The Association issues licences for a variety of motoring competitions. It also organizes the Network Q RAC Rally, an event in the contest for the World Rally Championship, and the British Grand Prix, which is held at Silverstone as part of the Formula 1 World Championship.

British car constructors, including McLaren and Williams, have enjoyed outstanding success in Grand Prix racing and many other forms of racing.

Exercise 229. Read the text. Pay attention to the words in bold type. Match the words on the left with the word or phrase of similar meaning.

Track and Field: Running Events

Track and Field is the name given to a variety of events that require running, jumping and throwing. They are called track and field because the running is done on a dirt part that is called a track, and the other events are done in the open, grassy area called a field.

Running is a very simple sport. The object is to run from one place (starting line) to another (the finish line) faster than one’s opponents. Running may be the oldest human sport because of its simplicity. Running events, called races, are very popular with spectators and television viewers.

There are several kinds of running events of different lengths. The shortest race is 100 meters long and is called a sprint or dash. The runners line up at the starting line with their feet braced on starting blocks. Each runner is assigned a path, called a lane. The starter fires the starting gun and the runners run as fast as they can to the finish line. The first runner to cross the finish line wins the race.

There are two short races that require the runners to jump over low barriers, which are called hurdles, as they run along their lanes. This kind of race is called hurdles, and there are two distances – 110 meters (100 for women) and 400 meters (for men and women).

Longer races, called the middle distance events, are held on a 400 meter oval track. Therefore, the 400 meter run is one lap around the track, and the 800 meter run is two laps. One might expect the 1,600 meter run to be four laps around the track, but in fact, it is 1,500 meters. This race is sometimes called the “metric mile”. In the middle distance races, the runners do not have to stay in their lanes, so they all run as close as possible to the inside of the track.

The long distance races require stamina, rather than speed. The longest race is the famous marathon, named for Marathon, a city in Greece where the Greeks won a great military victory over the Persians, in 490 B.C. A Greek soldier named Pheidippides ran from Marathon to Athens, a distance of about 25 miles, to bring news of the great victory. Today, the marathon race is 42,195 meters long.

There are also three other long distant races. One is called the steeplechase, which is a 3,000 meter race that requires the runners to jump over hurdles and water. The other two races involve walking, instead of running. The walker must maintain a stride in which he always has one foot touching the ground.

The relay is a team event in which four runners each run part of the total distance. Each runner carries a stick, called a baton, and passes it to the next runner. A good exchange of the baton is as important as speed, and many relays have been lost because of a poor exchange.

track	a. once around the track
opponent	b. measurement along the ground
race	c. a race involving a baton
spectator	d. a dirt path
brace	e. a step taken by a runner
distance	f. support
lap	g. competitor
stamina	h. a running event
stride	i. endurance
relay	j. one who watches

Exercise 230. Make a presentation on some particular kind of sport. Choose one and follow the plan.

1. Introduce the topic. Why have you chosen this particular kind of sport?

2. Talk about the history of this kind of sport. When and where was it established? Is it a team sport? What are the rules? Can both men and women go in for it? Are there international championships? Is it an Olympic kind of sport? Is it developed in our country?

3. Do you go in for this kind of sport? Why? Can you recommend going in for this kind of sport? Why?