Have to

The modal expression have to + infinitive is used in the Present, Past and Future Indefinite. The auxiliary verb do is used to form the negative and the interrogative forms. The modal expression is used to express an obligation or necessity arising out of circumstances and its meaning is close to be obliged (“приходится, должен, вынужден”).

E.g. I have to go. He had to explain it to me again. She will have to stay after classes.

The modal expression have got to + infinitive is very close in its meaning but can be used only in the present:

E.g. I have got (I’ve got) to follow his advice.

For the meaning of necessity and absence of necessity – see the table.

Exercise 203. Read and comment on the meaning of the modal verb. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. - He’d think you were mad. – Well, I should have to consider what is best. 2. “Uncle Guy, do I have to remind you that I am your superior officer?” 3. - We’ve only just arrived. - Well, you are late. The bus has gone back. We haven’t any transport. You’ll have to find your own way here. 4. I hope you’ve got everything you want if you haven’t, you’ll just have to do without. 5. If we are going to have a drink before closing time, we’ve got to hurry. 

(E. Waugh. Men at Arms) 

6. - What’s the time? - Quarter to two. - Damn. We’ll have to take a taxi. 7. He was in a frenzy yet as he had to admit afterwards to himself or rather to Eliza – bath, in a way he rather enjoyed it.

(I. Murdock. The Unicorn)

8. You’re a bit of a hand at the maps, Seaton. We’ll have to see if we can’t find you a job in the office one of these days. 9. “What would happen if they heard it?” “Why ... you’d get the sack.” “That’d be terrible,” - I said. “I’d have to get another job, wouldn’t I?” 10. - If I didn’t love her I might think twice about it. - You’ve got to think twenty times about whether you love her or not. 

(A. Sillitoe. Key to the Door) 

Exercise 204. Read the jokes. Comment on the meaning of the modal expression have to.

***

Father (to a little boy eating an apple): Look out for the worms, sonny.

Little boy: When I eat an apple, the worms have to look out for themselves.

***

Johnny rescued a playmate from an icy pond.

• Why don’t you tell us how you came to be so brave and save your friend?

• I had to. He was wearing my skates.

Exercise 205. Make up excuses for the following situations using have to.

Model. You want to go home earlier. – Oh, I absolutely have to leave now – my neighbour called me and said she had seen two strangers trying to open my door!

1. You don’t want to stay for the party.

2. You don’t want to visit your cousin.

3. You don’t want to go to the meeting.

4. You don’t want to go to your country house with your parents.

5. You don’t want to spend so much money on a new computer.

6. You don’t want to go on a trip.

7. You don’t want to write a letter.

8. You don’t want to go out.

9. You don’t want to talk to somebody.

10. You don’t want to cook tonight.

Exercise 206. Make up guesses about what must have happened.

Model. cat/break a vase - Oh, look! The cat must have broken my favourite vase!

1. mother/do the laundry

2. children/leave the toys

3. Janet/water the plants

4. she/deliver the mail

5. he/sign the documents

6. she/take the picture

7. John/fix the car

8. he/clean the house

9. Mary/leave the window open

10. Mark/lose a key

Exercise 207. Translate into English using Active Grammar.

1. Нам придется лететь самолетом, иначе мы можем опоздать к началу конференции. 2. Вам часто приходится обсуждать такие сложные вопросы? 3. За два дня до начала соревнования бегун сломал ногу и вынужден был остаться дома. 4. Если вы не сдадите экзамен, вам придется заниматься все каникулы. 5. Неужели я в самом деле должен бросить курить? 6. Если бы вы были внимательнее на занятиях, мне не пришлось бы снова объяснять вам употребление этого модального глагола. 7. Тебе придется разговаривать с директором самому. Я слишком занят сегодня. 8. Конечно, мне очень бы хотелось провести вечер с друзьями, но я должен остаться в институте после занятий. 9. Условия соглашения были тяжелыми для нее, но ей все же пришлось принять их. 10. – Вам много приходиться играть на пианино? - Очень. Это отнимает у меня столько времени, что, боюсь, мне придется бросить музыку. 11.

Вам не нужно принимать участия в этой экспедиции, если вы себя плохо чувствуете. 12. Если бы дом не был таким старым, нам не пришлось бы так часто ремонтировать его.

BE TO

The modal expression be to + infinitive is used in the Present and Past Indefinite. It expresses:

1. An order or a strict order which is generally the result of an arrangement (made by one person to another or which is not to be discussed).

E.g. You are to leave the room at once!

2. An arrangement or agreement, part of a plan, necessity caused by circumstances, schedule or time-table, etc.

E.g. I was to start the conference. He was to have met me here the next morning (the perfect Infinitive is possible). The train is to start in an hour.

3. Strict prohibition.

E.g. You are not to date with this young man!

Though both the modal expressions be to + infinitive and have to + infinitive express a shade of obligation or necessity, there’s a great difference in their meaning.

E.g. As I was to be at 5 sharp (part of an arrangement), I had to take a taxi (necessity arising out of this arrangement).

Exercise 208. Read and comment on the meaning of the modal verbs. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. I could see the river far down below, the lines of rails running along it, the old bridge where the railway crossed to the other side, and across, under a hill beyond the river the town that was to be taken. We all knew that it was there that the offensive was to begin. We all knew it was to start in two days. They were going to put another bridge over the river when the bombardment started and some troops were to cross the river at the shallow up above at the bent of the river. We were to take four cars there. I asked what time the attack was to begin and they said as soon as it was dark.

(E. Hemingway)

2. “… and what is to happen to my children? How are we going to live?” Mrs. Strickland’s voice broke again. “What am I to say to the children when they ask for their father?” 4. On one occasion, when Strickland was so much better that in a day or two he was to get up, I sat with them in the studio.

(S. Maugham) 

3. Here we were, sitting in Earls Court Road on a dusty sunny July morning on two suitcases, and where were we to go? 4. I asked the barman if he knew where Ann was to be found these days. He replied yes. He thought that she was in Hemmersmith.

(Murdock)

Exercise 209. Read and translate the sentences into Russian. State the function of the modal expression be to.

1. What is to become of us all? (J. Austen). 2. The meeting is to be held in the conference room. 3. Such rare architecture specimens are still to be seen in the western part of Edinburgh. 4. You are to remember that you are merely a candidate yet. 5. You are to report every Friday. 6. And above all, he knew that he was to get over it in no time. 7. These fossils are to be found in Devon.

Exercise 210. Answer the following questions using the modal expression be to.

1. When is your train to leave? 2. When is the plain to take off? 3. When is the “British Ways” Show to be held? 4. When are you to meet them? 5. How many entrance exams were you to take? 6. How many exams are you to take this term? 7. What were you to do during your summer field practice? 8. When are you to have the medical check? 9. What do you think your friend is to do to catch up with the group? 10. When are you to pick them up at the airport? 11. What were you to do for today? 12. What are you to do for the next lesson? 

Exercise 211. Read the joke. State the function of the modal expression be to.

• Why are fat people good-natured?

• They are to be. They can’t either fight or run.

Exercise 212. Translate into English using Active Grammar.

1. Я должен закончить эту статью к понедельнику. 2. Я должен был закончить эту статью в прошлый понедельник. 3. Вы должны упаковать вещи к 6 часам. 4. Вы должны были упаковать вещи к 6 часам. 5. Вы должны составить план своего урока и показать его вашему руководителю практики. 6.Вы должны были составить план своего урока заранее. Жаль, что вы этого не сделали. 7. Она должна была распределить доклады среди студентов второго курса. 8. Вы непременно должны поговорить с ней наедине. 9. Вы непременно должны пойти к доктору, если у вас бывают головные боли так часто. 10. Когда должна состояться консультация? Кто должен ее проводить? 11. За столом не разговаривать, дети! 12. Где вы должны были встретиться вчера? 13. Ты должен взять слово и поддержать наше предложение. 14. Она должна поступить в педагогический институт. Ей суждено стать педагогом.

Exercise 213. Make a list of your house chores. Use have to or be to in every sentence.

Exercise 214. Fill in the blanks with must, have to or be to. 

1. Please stop crying, you ... be getting sentimental again. 2. The day was very hot and I really ... have a cold drink.  3. – It’s your job, after all. – Well, I agree. Man … do what

man … do. 4. And remember, you … be at the entrance at 4 p.m., and not a minute late. 5. I think Sam … consider the possibility of moving to Canada. 6. I … ask Nell to give me a lift as I couldn’t find my car keys in the morning. 7. Well, you ... be sorry for what you’ve done. 8. Darling, you ... to dine with my family tomorrow, you know how important it is for me! 9. But who was it - Jack or Simon? It ... have been one of the two. 10. Pardon our being late. We missed the turn and … drive back half a mile. 11. It … be the cat. 12. I …shake him well until he woke up. 13. Sooner or later we all ... pay for what we do. 20. I asked what time the show ... start and bought two tickets.

NEED

Need expresses necessity. When it is used in the meaning of “to be in want of” or it may express “necessity”, it is treated as a normal verb and has three forms: need, needed and will need. As an ordinary verb, need is normally followed by an infinitive with to:

E.g. He needs a new pair of shoes. I’m quite sure that you need to study hard. - He needs to see a doctor. Do you need to see one too?- No, I don't need to see a doctor. But I need a good rest.

You don't need to be over 21 to go into a pub in Britain, whereas in America you do.

As a modal verb, need is used in the concrete and imperative meanings. It expresses absence of necessity and giving permission not to do something. It is not used to express supposition. It is mostly used in negative and interrogative sentences.

1. In the concrete meaning need expresses absence of necessity:

E.g. You needn’t go there at once. You needn't bother to change the sheets. I'll sleep in them later. I’m not sure that you need come. You needn’t have done it. - Need I lock the door when I leave?- No, you needn't. Sue will be home soon.

When need is used with the perfect infinitive, it means that something that has been done was unnecessary. Didn’t need to is also possible as in “Did you buy those flowers for me? Oh, you didn’t need to do that.”, and it may mean either “it wasn’t necessary to buy them” or “you have bought them unnecessarily”.

2. In the imperative meaning need is used to express asking for direction and permission not to do something (“можете не ...”).

E.g. Need I bring the book today? - You needn’t do it today. Bring it next week.

Exercise 215. Read and translate the sentences into Russian. State the meaning of the modal verb need.

A. 1. You needn’t worry. They are safe and sound. 2. We need not take such an early train, need we? 3. These newspapers needn’t be kept any longer. 4. Need I produce my pass? – Yes, you must. 5. Need I come again, doctor? – No, you needn’t. (You may if you like but it is not necessary.) 6. Need you write the letter today? Can’t you leave it until tomorrow? – Sorry, but I must write it this evening. 7. I need hardly tell you about my plans. You know them. 8. We told her that she needn’t worry 9. Pete needn’t phone for the doctor, mother feels better now. 10. I don’t think we need give her any more of our attention.

B. 1. You needn’t have hurried to the station. The train was an hour late. 2. I needn’t have written the translation. It was an oral task. 3. You needn’t have bought this text-book. I’ve got an extra one. 4. You needn’t have read all the books on the list. You could have chosen some of them. 5. We needn’t have booked the tickets beforehand. 6. They needn’t have taken the matter to court. 7. Mary needn’t have bought a new raincoat. Her old one looked all right. 8. He needn’t have bought a ticket for me. 9. You needn’t have written a detailed account. 10. You needn’t have bothered. We were all right. 

Exercise 216. Read the sentences and state whether the verb need is used as a modal verb or a notional verb.

1. I need some money to make both ends meet. 2. He needed a job and looked for it from morning till night. 3. So he needs my help. – Certainly, he does. 4. Need he come back today? – Yes, he must. 5. Do they need to be here at 5 o’clock? – Yes, they do. 6. They don’t need to come here every day. 7. Do you need to be called as soon as they come? 8. We don’t need to hire a taxi. We can go there by bus. 9. Does she need help? 10. We need to know more words to understand such articles. 11. Small children need more sleep than adults. 12. You needn’t follow his advice if you don’t like it. 13. You needn’t go yet, need you? 14. Your car needs washing. 15. “You rest,” she said. “I’ll certainly make the tea. You needn’t have asked me.” 16. You needn’t be afraid of telling me everything. 17. Need we continue working on this project? 18. Our friendship needn’t stop, need it? 

Exercise 217. Make up excuses not to do things.

Model. wash up - I needn’t wash up now. I will wash up after supper, when there are more cups and plates.

do homework check my mail clean the room

go shopping change linen do the laundry

take pills call my mother cook the meal

Exercise 218. Translate into English using your Active Grammar.

A

1. Ему не было нужды возвращаться за папкой, и он потом жалел об этом, так как застал Патрицию дома. 2. Вам не нужно было ждать на проходной, вам же заказали

пропуск! 3. Как вы невнимательны! Копии не нужно было подписывать. 4. Что же ты наделал! Тебе не нужно было поливать эту пальму каждый день! 5. Ты принес еще один чистый диск? – Нет, я забыл. – Ничего, тебе и не нужно было приносить его, так как на этом диске еще осталось свободное место. 6. Не нужно подробно описывать предмет, дайте краткое описание. 7. Надо ли мне это делать сейчас? – Нет, не нужно. 8. Ох, не надо было мне спрашивать соседку о ее здоровье. Пришлось провести полчаса, слушая ее.

B

1. Вам незачем было делать это упражнение в письменной форме. Это было устное задание. 2. Тебе не нужно звонить мне каждые пять минут! Я постараюсь придти вовремя. 3. Вам незачем вызывать скорую помощь. Со мной моя сестра, она врач. Потом мы довезем вас домой. 4. Мне незачем было поливать огород вчера. Я потеряла столько времени, а через час пошел дождь и шел всю ночь. 5. Ему незачем было переводить речь докладчика, все присутствовавшие в зале понимали докладчика хорошо. 6. Мне незачем было делать все упражнения вчера. Я провозилась с домашней работой и не успела навестить свою подругу. 7. Вам не нужно было волноваться. Экзамен был нетрудный. 8. Зря ты привезла словарь. У меня же электронный словарь-переводчик. 9. Тебе нечего торопиться. У тебя еще много времени. 10. Напрасно я начал принимать эти витамины, я не почувствовал никакого улучшения, только зря потратил деньги.