
- •I Saw her standing there
- •Moods in modern english
- •The formation of the subjunctive mood
- •The Simple Indicative and Subjunctive Tenses of the verb to be Simple Present
- •Simple Past
- •The Indicative and Subjunctive Tenses of the verb to work Simple Present
- •Present Continuous
- •Present Perfect
- •Present Perfect Continuous
- •Simple Past
- •Past Continuous
- •Past Perfect
- •Past Perfect Continuous
- •The synthetic and analytical forms of the subjunctive mood.
- •The conditional mood
- •The use of the conditionsl mood
- •In sentences and clauses of implied condition
- •The conditional mood in complex sentences
- •Subjunctive II, its forms, the independent use
- •Preference
- •Summarizing Exercise
- •Types of conditional sentences
- •If I Had a Donkey
- •If I were King
- •Subjunctive II in conditional sentences
- •Inversion in Conditional sentences
- •Summarizing Exercise
- •Types of jobs, choosing a career. On teaching.
- •Subjunctive II in object clauses after the verb to wish
- •Subjunctive II in adverbial clauses of comparison.
- •Subjunctive II in predicative clauses after the verbs of being and seeming.
- •Subjunctive II in attributive clauses after
- •It’s time, it’s high time
- •Topic. Illnesses and their treatment. Medical service in Great Britain.
- •In Case You Get Sick.
- •The suppositional mood and subjunctive I, their forms and use in subject clauses
- •The suppositional mood and subjunctive I in object, predicative and attributive appositive clauses after verbs and nouns denoting suggestion, demand, etc.
- •Attributive clauses
- •The suppositional mood and subjunctive I in subject clauses after it’s necessary (etc.)
- •The suppositional mood, subjunctive I and II in object, predicative and attributive appositive clauses after verbs and expressions denoting fear
- •Topic. London. Sightseeing.
- •Summarizing Exercise
- •Summarizing Exercise
- •Subjunctive I and II in adverbial clauses of concession
- •Subjunctive I and II in adverbial clauses of time and place
- •The suppositional mood, subjunctive I and II in adverbial clauses of purpose
- •Topic. Food and meals.
- •Vegetable
- •Revision Exercise
- •Modal verbs
- •The forms could, might, should, would may also denote an unreal action. Most modal verbs are used in three modal meanings: the concrete, the imperative and the suppositional.
- •Modal Verbs due to the degree of certainty
- •I want to take up a course of English.
- •Used to
- •Topic. Higher education in Great Britain. Teacher training in Great Britain. Oxford. Cambridge.
- •Teacher Training in England and Wales
- •Teacher Training in Scotland
- •Summarizing Exercise
- •Must in indirect speech
- •Have to
- •Use of modal verbs to express necessity
- •Summarizing Exercise
- •Should and Ought
- •Topic. Travelling. Different means of travel. Travelling in your life.
- •Summarizing Exercise
- •Modal verbs used in the imperative meaning
- •Modal verbs used in the suppositional meaning
- •Shall and will
- •Modal verbs in preparatory it-clauses and indefinite personal clauses
- •Topic. Theatre going. Theatres in Great Britain.
- •Word From the Director
- •Summarizing Exercises
- •Subjunctive mood
- •Metric conversions Weights
- •Liquid Measures
- •Imperial Metric
- •Phrases for conversational situations
- •Interviewing language
- •Introducing a topic
- •Interrupting
- •Introducing the topic
- •Introducing each section
- •If there’s any justice in the world
- •If I fell in love
- •If I had a hammer
- •If I ruled the world
- •If you were me
I want to take up a course of English.
I often speak English at work. I’d like to take up a course of English to make progress in it. I … not find the course with flexible schedule until I found this school. There I was told I … choose any time that would suit me.
I … not make up my mind whether to attend Upper Intermediate or Advanced level course. Tomorrow I’ll … have an evaluation test, which will enable me to find the right group to study with. They don’t charge for the evaluation test. I also learned that I … pay either cash or credit card. Well, theoretically, I … pay for the whole year, but I’ll wait and see.
When I get the Certificate of Completion, I … use it to get benefits. I … be sure that this course will do me good. If I’m not satisfied with the quality of teaching, the money … be refunded within 2 weeks, except for the classes I’ll have taken. I’m looking forward to the beginning of the classes. I’ll … practise my English any way!
Exercise 169. Choose Can you or Could you according to the situation.
Model. To your friend, if you need some help. - Can you help me?
To your roommate after the party. – Vera, ___ dispose the garbage, while I’m cleaning the room?
To the police officer if you can’t find a car park. – ___ tell me where the nearest car park is?
To your Professor, if you can’t understand the new rule. – ___ explain the rule once again?
To the stranger at the Karaoke bar, if it’s your turn to sing. – ___ pass me the microphone?
To you friend, if you want him to come to your place. – ___ come over?
Exercise 170. Mind that there are very polite ways to ask for permission or to request:
-
Do you think I could
Could I possibly
I was wondering if I could
use your phone?
Use these forms in the following situations:
You want your Dad to give you the car for the weekend.
You ask your neighbour to buy you some bread.
You need a day off badly and you ask your boss.
You want to have an appointment with the Dean.
You are interested in the book the person sitting next to you is reading.
Exercise 171. Make a list of rules and regulations (10 items) using can, can’t. Options:
a) you are the owner of a fancy restaurant, b) you are the Dean of our department, c) you are the law enforcement officer in a national park.
Model. a) 1. You can bring your pets – we have an especially equipped room for them and a caretaker. 2. You can’t smoke in our restaurant – we maintain non-smoking policy.
Exercise 172. Read the information. Who could it have been?
Ben and Mary have two daughters, Jacky and Michel. Ben’s friend Thanos from Greece is staying with them now. In the evening Ben wanted to have some cherry pie. When he opened the fridge, he couldn’t find it!
Who could have eaten it?
Mary is on a diet.
Thanos is asleep.
Jacky is in her room with her friends.
Michel is in the yard, playing with her dog.
Exercise 173. Translate into English using your Active Grammar.
A
1. Он умеет водить машину. 2. Он не может запарковать машину, сделай это сам. 3. Когда ей было 5 лет, она не могла говорить по-французски. 4. Ты можешь понять, что он говорит? 5. Боюсь, что она не сможет пойти на занятия, у нее температура. 6. Мы не могли заставить его заниматься спортом систематически. 7. К сожалению, не все можно сделать силой. 8. Вы не могли переводить такие предложения, когда учились в школе. 9. Я не могу понять разницу между этими словами. 10. Если я завтра буду свободна, я смогу пойти с вами в кино. 11. Вы сможете поправиться через неделю, если будете принимать это лекарство. 12. Ему удалось починить принтер без вашей помощи. 13. Пожалуйста, сообщите мне об этой статье, как только вы сможете ее опубликовать. 14. Очень жаль, что вы не можете видеть долину из-за густого тумана. 15. Я не мог поверить своим глазам, во что они превратили комнату.
B
1. Не может быть, чтобы он работал сейчас. 2. Он мог бы сдать экзамены в институт, если бы попробовал. 3. Неужели они не могли прийти и поздравить тебя? 4. Неужели они в Москве? 5. Неужели это Энн? Как она изменилась! 6. Нельзя так разговаривать с детьми. 7. Неужели она ждала нас два часа? Не может быть, чтобы она ждала нас два часа. 8. Неужели мы опоздали всего на пять минут? 9. Не может быть, чтобы не одобрил вашего решения. 10. Не может быть, чтобы он не послал вам письма. 11. Не может быть, чтобы он говорил по-немецки. 12. Неужели ты не мог сказать об этом раньше?
C
1. Ты мог бы сам купить хлеб, ты же заходил днем в магазин. 2. Она могла бы зайти в библиотеку за словарем. 3. Она могла бы заниматься усерднее, и сдать экзамены на наш факультет. 4. Он мог бы прислать лишнюю копию статьи и для меня. 5. Вы могли бы посоветовать ей прочитать другую книгу, эта слишком трудна для нее. 6. Ты так напугал ее! Мог бы сказать ей об этом осторожнее. 7. Ты мог бы принять приглашение на вечер, ты же свободен сейчас. 8. Вы могли бы встретить их на станции, у них очень тяжелый багаж. 9. Вы могли бы проконсультироваться у профессора. 10. Ты мог бы объяснить ему разницу в температуре по этому термометру. Он бы так не волновался тогда. 11. Они могли бы предупредить нас о своем приезде либо позвонив, либо послав письмо. 12. Ты бы могла взять такси, тогда бы мы не опоздали к началу спектакля. 13. Ты могла бы ему помочь с английским языком. Он так много пропустил уроков из-за болезни.
MAY
The modal verb may has two forms: may for the Present and might for the Past. The expressions be allowed and be permitted, which have the same meaning, can be used to supply the missing forms of the verb may.
May is used in the concrete, imperative and suppositional modal meanings.
1. In the concrete modal meaning may is used to express possibility due to circumstances and only in affirmative sentences.
E.g. You may see him every morning walking with his dog.
If the sentence refers to the Past, might is used in this meaning.
Note : The modal verb can is mostly used to express this meaning.
2. In the imperative modal meaning may is used to express permission (asking for permission), prohibition, ironic(al) request and reproach.
- asking for permission(used mostly in interrogative sentences)
E.g. “Can I have this?” Ramona said, taking a burned match out of the ashtray.
“May I have this. Yes. Stay out of the street, please.” (J.D. Salinger)
E.g. May I use your pen? I’ve left mine at home.
- permission
E.g. You may stay here if you want to.
Note: Can is also used in the meaning of permission, but the meaning itself is a bit different. “You may stay here” means that the speaker gives you the permission to stay. “You can stay here” means that there are no conditions that prevent the person from staying there.
- prohibition
E.g. May I turn on the radio, Mum? – No, you may not. Your younger brother is sleeping.
(No, you mustn’t. Your brother is ill, he’s running a high temperature. No, please, don’t. It’s too noisy.)
Mind the difference between the prohibitions. May not can be also translated into Russian as “не смей!”.
- ironic(al) request ( the form might is used with the non-perfect infinitive)
E.g. You might visit your parents more often!
- reproach (the form MIGHT with the perfect infinitive is used)
E.g. You might have congratulated me. Yesterday was my birthday.
3. In the suppositional meaning may is used to express doubt and uncertainty about the present or future (with the non-perfect infinitive), or about the past (with the perfect infinitive). The forms may and might are used interchangeably in this meaning.
E.g. She may (might) still be waiting for me. He may(might) know her. You may(might) have left your gloves at home.
Exercise 174. Read and comment on the meaning of the modal verb. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. You might see nothing in him. I see everything in him. 2. What you have told me is quite a romance, a romance of art one might call it. 3. I know, now, that when one loses one’s looks, whatever they may be, one loses everything. 4. You have known nearly everybody in your time, so you might have known her. 5. This young man might be rich. 6. I am afraid I may frighten the Company. 6. I passed a dreadful evening, half afraid that one tragedy might be followed by another. 7. I may mention that she was not the woman’s only child. There is a son, a charming fellow, I believe. 8. Victor might have read the book. 9. I don’t know if he will be able to come, Harry. He may have to go to Monte Carlo with his father. 10. It was his beauty that had ruined him, his beauty and his youth that he had prayed for. But for those two things, his life might have been free from stain.
The Picture of Dorian Gray by O. Wilde.
11. Might I speak a word to you, my lady? 12. Elisa is upstairs, Higgins. – Upstairs!!! Then I shall jolly soon fetch her downstairs. But you might have told us this half an hour ago. 13. I told him he might drop in when he saw the light.
B. Show
14. When so much has been written about Charles Strickland, it may seem unnecessary that I should write more. 15. I couldn’t help thinking that Colonel Mac. Andrew might have some difficulty in doing this.
S. Maugham
Exercise 175. Read the joke. Comment on the meaning of the modal verb may.
***
A man may be a fool and not know it – but not if he is married.
Exercise 176. Address the student of your group with a reprimand. Use You might/You might have.
Exercise 177. Imagine you have a child. Make a list of rules and regulations (10 items) using may, may not.
Model. 1. You may not take cookies from the jar in the kitchen without my permission. 2. You may play computer games only after your homework has been done.
Exercise 178. You are expecting a call from your friend. He/She doesn’t call. What might have happened?
Model. He/She might have left the cell phone at home.
Exercise 179. Translate into English using Active Grammar.
А) 1. – Мне можно сделать это сегодня? – Не обязательно, вы можете сделать это завтра. / – Да, вы можете сделать это сегодня. 2. – Можно мне посмотреть вашу работу? – Пожалуйста. / – Нет, она еще не готова. 3. – Доктор, можно мне купаться? – Нет, нельзя. У вас могут быть осложнения. / – Конечно можно. Это только принесет вам пользу. 4. – Можно нам подождать здесь? – Да, пожалуйста. / – Нет, пожалуйста, пройдите в зал. 5. Вы можете брать книги в нашей библиотеке. 6. Не мог бы я вас попросить зайти позже? 7. Вы можете прийти в 10 часов. Это время удобно для всех. 8. Можно мне поговорить с Энн? – Боюсь, что она уже ушла.
В) 1. Ты могла бы прийти вовремя. Мы все ждем только тебя. 2. Ты вся дрожишь от холода. Ты бы могла бы надеть теплое пальто. 3. Ты бы могла зайти в аптеку по дороге домой, ведь ты сегодня вернешься с работы пораньше. 4. Если бы я была на твоем месте, я бы не отказалась от приглашения. Ты могла и принять их приглашение. 5. Ты могла бы встать раньше. Уже слишком поздно для поездки за город. 6. Как тебе не стыдно! Ты могла бы дать кусочек пирога своей маленькой сестренке. Смотри, она расплакалась. 7. Если бы ты очень старалась, ты бы выполнила эту работу хорошо. Могла бы постараться. 8. – Ты бы мог остаться дома, хотя бы один вечер в неделю. Мама очень огорчена. – Я знаю и очень сожалею об этом. Я мог бы приехать на выходные. 9. Вы бы могли предупредить меня, что вы не придете. Я бы не ждал вас.
С) 1. Если бы вы выехали на 10 минут позже, вы могли бы опоздать на поезд. 2. Как вы неосторожны! Вы могли бы сломать ногу! 3. Вы, возможно, видели этот фильм. 4. Кто знает? Может быть, это правда. 5. Возможно, он сказал правду. Но ему никто не верит. 6. Он, может быть, вам верит. 7. Может быть, она тебя ищет. 9. Она, может быть, написала вам письмо, но вы его не получили. 10. – Где же ключи? – Ты могла потерять их. Ты такая рассеянная.