Text 6. Ivan bardin

Ivan Pavlovych Bardin (1883–1960) was a Soviet metallurgist and active participant in solving the main engineering issues of the home ferrous metallurgical industry. He was also an Academician of USSR AS (1932), vice-president of USSR AS (from 1942), Hero of Socialist Labour (1945), and winner of the Lenin (1958) and State prizes (1942, 1949). His scientific interests were designing new powerful completely mechanized steel works; creating advanced typical metallurgical aggregates; intensifying metallurgical processes, especially by means of oxygen; elaborating and introducing the basic oxygen process; and assimilation and multi-purpose utilization of new kinds of metallurgical raw materials.

He was the chair of Economics and Management Department (1943–1959) at the Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys (Moscow, Russia).

Since 1910 after graduation from the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute he worked at the steel works of Russia. In 1929—1936 I. P. Bardin was one of the construction managers of the Kuznetsk integrated iron-and-steel works (Novokuznetsk Iron and Steel Plant). Since 1937 he held leading positions in ferrous metallurgy (engineer in chief of the central directorate, chairman of the Technical Council of the People's Commissariat, People’s Commissar deputy (minister) for ferrous metallurgy. From 1939 he was the director of the Institute of Metallurgy of the USSR AS and since 1944 the director of the Central research institute of ferrous metallurgy that has borne his name since 1960. Since 1942 he was made the vice-president of USSR AS and from 1937 a Delegate of the USSR Supreme Soviet of the 1^st-5^th convocations.

Text 7. Sergii koroliov

Sergii Pavlovych Koroliov was the leading Soviet rocket engineer and spacecraft designer in the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union during the 1950s and 1960s. He is considered by many as the father of practical astronautics.

In 1923 he joined the Society of Aviation and Aerial Navigation of Ukraine and the Crimea. By joining the Odessa hydroplane squadron he had his first flying lesson, and also had many opportunities to fly as a passenger. In 1924 he personally designed a glider called the K-5, which was accepted by the OAVUK as a construction project. At about the same time he also trained to become accomplished as a gymnast, but his academic work began to suffer from his distractions with these other interests. S. Koroliov had hoped to go to Moscow and attend the Zhukovsky Academy. However, his qualifications did not meet the academy’s standards. To pursue his interests, he decided to enter the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute in 1924 as they had an aviation branch. In Kyiv he lived with his uncle Yurii, and he earned money to pay for his courses by performing odd jobs. His curriculum was technically oriented, and included various engineering, physics and mathematics classes.

Until 1929 S. Koroliov studied specialized topics in aviation at the school. He lived with his family, who had moved to Moscow, in what were typical but crowded conditions. In addition to his studies, S. Koroliov had more opportunities to fly gliders and powered aircraft, and he revelled in the experience. He also designed a glider in 1928, and flew it in a competition the next year. During 1929 the Communist Party had decreed that the education of engineers be accelerated to meet the country's urgent need for their skills. S. Koroliov could obtain a diploma by producing a practical aircraft design, and had the design completed and approved by the end of the year. His advisor was none other than Andrii Tupolev.

It was during 1930 that S. Koroliov became interested in the possibilities of liquid-fueled rocket engines. As his interest was primarily in aircraft, he saw the potential for use of these engines to propel airplanes. It was one day, while he was flying around, that he looked up and wondered about what was beyond the point of where he could take his plane and how he could get there. Many believe this was the start of his interest in space. In 1931, together with Friedrich Zander, a space travel enthusiast, he participated in the creation of the Group of the Study of Reactive Motion, one of the earliest state-sponsored centres for rocket development in the USSR. In May 1932 S. Koroliov was appointed the chief of the group.

On 15 May 1960 an unpiloted prototype performed 64 orbits of the Earth, but failed to return. Four tests were then sent into orbit carrying dogs, of which the last two were fully successful. After gaining approval from the government, a modified version of the R-7 was used to Yurii Oleksiiovych Gagarin into orbit on 12 April 1961, the first human in Earth orbit. He returned to Earth via a parachute after ejecting at an altitude of 7 kilometres.

This was followed up by additional Vostok flights, culminating with 81 orbits completed with “Vostok 5” and the launch of the first woman cosmonaut, Valentyna Tereshkova, on “Vostok 6”.