Pollution in ukraine

Pollution is the contamination of the environment, including air, water, and land, with undesirable amounts of material or energy. 1. ___F___. An industrial and intensively farmed country, Ukraine contains some of the most polluted landscapes in Eastern Europe. Pollution became evident in Ukraine with industrial development in the 19^th century.

Air pollution is especially severe in many of the heavily industrialized cities and towns of south-eastern Ukraine, notably in Kharkiv, Luhansk, Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk and Zaporizhia. Coal-using industries, such as metallurgical coke-chemical plants, steel mills, and thermal power plants are major sources of high levels of uncontrolled emissions of sulphur dioxide, dust, unburned hydrocarbons, and other harmful substances. 2. _______.

Over one-third of the emissions into the atmosphere originate from automobile transport. That source, which attains overwhelming proportions in cities with little industry, such as Uzhhorod, Yalta, Poltava and Khmelnytskiy, is aggravated by the use of leaded gasoline and inefficient engines as well as a lack of catalytic converters. 3. _______. The high population density, heavy industrial development, and relatively low freshwater resources of those basins, and the low governmental priority placed upon environmental protection until very recently, have given rise to chronic and serious levels of water pollution throughout Ukraine.

The Dnister and the Danube are included among the most polluted bodies of water in the territory of the former Soviet Union. 4. _______. Widespread fear is growing in Ukraine that a substantial fraction of those water arteries are so polluted as to pose fatal health risks to the people who depend on them. About half of the chemical fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides applied in the fields are washed off into rivers. 5. _______. One of the areas suffering most from serious and chronic coastal water pollution is the Sea of Azov. That shallow and previously biologically rich and commercially productive body of water has experienced serious problems of industrial and municipal waste-water contamination and increased levels of salinity since the early 1970s.

A primary cause of the sea’s ecological deterioration has been the diversion for purposes of irrigation (up to 80 per cent) of fresh, but not necessarily pure, water inflow from the Don and the Kuban rivers. 6. _______. Combined with pollution that increase has resulted in a dramatic drop in fish catches (by 60—90 per cent). Despite repeated warnings and special government anti-pollution resolutions, the conditions in the Sea of Azov continue to deteriorate.

Task 5.

Find in the text English equivalents to the following Ukrainian words and word combinations:

відходи промисловості, металургійні коксохімічні заводи, сталеливарні заводи, теплова електростанція, величезні пропорції, бензинові та малоефективні двигуни, каталітичний допалювач вихлопних газів, поверхневі води, висока щільність населення, вимиватися в ріки, поверхневий стік, забруднений, підвищений рівень солоності, екологічне погіршення, зрошування.

Task 6.

Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

contamination of the environment, intensively farmed country, the most polluted landscape, heavily industrialized cities, dust, unburned hydrocarbons, harmful substances, automobile transport, freshwater resources, chemical fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, anti-pollution resolutions

Task 7.

Fill in the correct words from the list below. Use each word only once:

protection, anti-pollution, originates from, industries, to be washed off,

amounts, emissions, to pose, fanned, automobile, contaminated, power

	1. undesirable _______ of material		7. originate from _______ transport
	2. ____________ human activities		8. environmental _______________
	3. intensively __________ country		9. _____________ fatal health risks
	4. coal-using _________________		10. _________________ into rivers
	5. thermal _______________ plant		11. to be highly ________________
	6. __________ into the atmosphere		12. government _______ resolutions
Task 8.		Find in the text above antonyms to the following words and word combinations:

desirable, refining, controlled, profusion, high, to improve, decreased, destructive, poor, dirty.

Task 9.

Write the following numerals by words:

12; 2^nd; 135; 574234; 1111; 1985 (year); 1/6; 5; 1000000000; 74; 456; √48.

Task 10.

Answer the following questions:

1. What does the word “pollution” mean?

2. What does contamination originate from?

3. What rivers are the most polluted?

4. Where are the chemical fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides washed off?

5. Tell about the conditions in the Sea of Azov.

6. What caused a dramatic drop in fish catches in the Sea of Azov?

7. What has happened to the sea’s salinity?

Task 11.

Make up a dialogue on air pollution and dramatize it. Use the following words:

air pollution, a great number of cars, ways for solving the pollution problem, better engines for cars, electrically driven cars, more trams, parks and gardens.

Task 12.

You are going to take part in the international conference “Environment and Ecology”. Write a short report: “Ecological problems in Ukraine”.

The following information can be included in your report:

1. What is pollution?

2. What causes pollution?

3. Pollution in Ukraine (earth surface, air, water pollution).

	Words and word combinations to be memorized:
	to attain	досягати
	coke-chemical plant	коксохімічний завод
	contamination	зараження, забруднення
	catalytic converter	каталітичний допалювач вихлопних газів
	density	щільність
	deterioration	погіршення
	diversion	відхилення
	electrically driven	з електричним приводом
	environment	навколишнє середовище
	evident	наявний, справжній
	to farm	обробляти землю
	fertilizer	добриво
	harmful substances	шкідливі речовини
	herbicide	гербіцид
	irrigation	зрошення
	landscape	ландшафт
	mill	завод, фабрика, стан
	notably	особливо, помітно
	to originate	походити, мати походження
	overwhelming	величезний, незліченний
	pollution	забруднення
	population density	щільність населення
	severe	суворий
	surface	поверхня
	thermal power plant	теплова електростанція (ТЕС)
	undesirable	небажаний, незручний

UNIT 7

AUTOMATION I

Task 1.

Discuss in your group what scientific and technological progress consists in. What do you know about automation?

Task 2.

Look at the following words and try to guess their meaning: automatic control, automation, automated production lines.

The following may be useful:

Methods and machines to save human labour;

Self-regulation by means of feedback;

Self-regulative mechanisms.

Task 3.

Pay attention to the pronunciation of the letters ‘au’:

automation, automatic control, automated system, automobile, to launch.

Task 4.

You are going to read about automation and labour. Choose the most suitable heading from the list (A-G) for each part 1-6. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use:

A Advantages of automation

B Ukraine is highly automated country

C The principal direction of automation

D Influence of automation on social life

E Main components of automation

F Expansion of automation into all branches of production

G Role of man in the process of automated production