2. Essential vocabulary list

Words

1. annoy v	3. go v	5. reduce v
2. chatter v	4. cheer n, v	6. rattle v

Word Combinations

1	cheat in exam	7	adopt an attitude of … towards …
2	tick sth off	8	get through
3	swot up (coll. for to study)	9	cut sb short
4	keep an eye open for sth/sb	10	rally one’s thoughts
5	mark and grade the papers	11	call out names
6	come out (about results)	12	raise one’s voice

3. Vocabulary notes

1. ANNOY vt

1. to make sb slightly angry, to disturb and nervously upset a person; дратувати, сердити: His constant joking was beginning to annoy her. It really annoys me when people forget to say thank you. I’m sure she does it just to annoy me.

SYNONYMS: irritate, unsettle, irk, vex

NOTE: unsettle means to make sb feel upset or worried, especially because a situation has changed: Changing schools might unsettle the kids.

NOTE: irritate means to annoy sb, especially by sth you continuously do or by sth that continuously happens: The way she puts on that accent really irritates me.

NOTE: irk (fml) means to annoy or irritate sb: She never told me what irked her that Sunday morning.

NOTE: vex (fl) to annoy or worry sb: The memory of their conversation still vexed him.

2. to make sb uncomfortable or unable to relax; докучати, набридати, досаждати, турбувати: He swatted a fly that was annoying him.

SYNONYM: bother

NOTE: bother means to annoy, worry or upset sb; to cause sb trouble or pain: It bothers me to think of her alone in that big house.

to be annoyed at /over sth to make sb angry or nervous because of sth.; сердитись із-за чогось: She was annoyed at his behaviour.

to be annoyed with sb to make sb feel angry or upset because of sb; бути роздратованим кимось: The teacher was annoyed with noisy pupils.

annoying adj. causing one to feel annoyed, as annoying manners; дратуючий: The annoying thing is he is usually right.

SYNONYM: irritating, bothersome, harassing

annoyance, n

1. a feeling of slight anger; досада, неприємність, роздратування: A look of annoyance crossed her face.

2. something that makes you slightly angry; набридання, надокучання, приставання: Alan found the constant noise of the traffic an annoyance.

2. CHATTER vi

1. (away / on) (to sb) (about sth) to talk quickly and continuously, especially about things that are not important; базікати, теревенити, розбовкувати: They chattered away happily for a while.

chatter like a magpie – тріскотіти як сорока.

SYNONYMS: babble , gibber , gab, chat

NOTE: babble means to talk quickly in a way that is difficult to understand: They were all babbling away in a foreign language. I realized I was babbling like an idiot.

NOTE: gibber means to speak quickly in a way that is difficult to understand, often because of fear: He cowered in the corner, gibbering with terror. By this time I was a gibbering wreck.

NOTE: chat means to talk in a friendly informal way especially about things that are not important: We sat in a cafe for hours chatting about our experiences.

NOTE: gab ( informal) to talk continuously, usually about unimportant things: You two were gabbing so much that you did not even see me.

2. (of teeth) to knock together continuously because you are cold or frightened; стукати, клацати зубами: Her teeth chattered as she dressed.

3. (of birds) to make a series of short high sounds; щебетати, стрекотіти, цокотіти: The only sounds we could hear were the birds chattering in the trees.

IDM: the chattering classes (BrE) the people in society who like to give their opinions on political or social issues; мас-медіа або певне коло людей, що обговорюють події, але не впливають на їхній перебіг: Constitutional reform is popular among the chattering classes.

chatter n

1. continuous rapid talk about things that are not important; балаканина, базікання: constant, endless, idle, incessant chatter, idle chatter.

2. a series of quick short high sounds that some animals make; щебетання, стрекотіння, джерготання: You could hear the chatter of the birds everywhere.

3. a series of short sounds made by things knocking together; дрижання, вібрація, стукіт, клацання: the chatter of teeth.

chatterbox n a person who chatters; балакун, базіка, торохтій: a mere political chatterbox.

3. CHEER n

1. a shout of joy, support or praise; схвальний вигук, оплески, підтримка: A great cheer went up from the crowd. Three cheers for the winners! (used when you are asking a group of people to cheer three times, in order to congratulate sb, etc.)

2. (fml) an atmosphere of happiness; настрій: Christmas cheer.

3. Cheers! is used as a toast, words of cheer; Ура!; вітальний вигук.

cheer vi/t 1. to shout loudly, to show support or praise for sb, or to give them encouragement; підтримувати, тішити, веселити: Let's go to the football game and cheer for our favourite team. We all cheered as the team came on to the field. Cheering crowds greeted their arrival.

SYNONYMS: encourage, inspire

NOTE: encourage (sb in sth) means to give sb support, courage or hope: My parents have always encouraged me in my choice of career. We were greatly encouraged by the positive response of the public.

ANTONYMS: chill, depress

NOTE: inspire means to encourage someone by making them feel confident and eager to achieve sth great: The general’s speech inspired vigour in the men.

2. to give hope, comfort or encouragement to sb; підбадьорювати, надихати, веселити: He cheered her, and that helped. One whisper of happiness cheered me. She was cheered by the news from home.

3. to applaud; аплодувати, вітати оплесками, кричати "Браво! Ура!": The House cheered more tumultuously than ever.

SYNONYM: applaud

NOTE: applaud means to show your approval of sb/sth by clapping your hands: He started to applaud and the others joined in. They rose to applaud the speaker.

cheerful adj.

1. happy, and showing it by the way that you behave; бадьорий, веселий, безжурний: You’re not your usual cheerful self today. He felt bright and cheerful and full of energy. You’re in a cheerful mood.

2. giving you a feeling of happiness; що робить щось бадьорим, охочим: a bright, cheerful restaurant. Walls painted in cheerful (= light and bright) colours. A chatty, cheerful letter.

cheer sb on means to give shouts of encouragement to sb in a race, competition, etc.; підбадьорювати: The spectators cheered the runners on.

cheer up| cheer sb/sth up means to become more cheerful; to make sb/sth more cheerful; веселити, тішити: Oh, come on—cheer up! Give Mary a call; she needs cheering up. Bright curtains can cheer up a dull room.

4. GO vt

1. to move or travel from one place to another; їздити, ходити: She went into her room and shut the door behind her. I have to go to Rome on business. She has gone to China.

2. to be sent or passed somewhere; надсилати: I want this memo to go to all managers.

3. (from / to) to lead or extend from one place to another; вести, проходити, пролягати, простягати: I want a rope that will go from the top window to the ground. Where does this road go?

4. to have as a usual or correct position; to be placed; знаходитись: This dictionary goes on the top shelf. Where do you want the piano to go?

5. used to talk about how well or badly sth makes progress or succeeds; проходити, відбуватись: ‘How did your interview go?’ ‘It went very well, thank you.” Did everything go smoothly? How’s it going?!

6. used to talk about wanting to get rid of sb/sth; позбавитись: The old sofa will have to go. He’s useless— he’ll have to go.

7. to help; to play a part in doing sth; приводити до чогось: This all goes to prove my theory. It just goes to show you can’t always tell how people are going to react.

go about sth 1. to continue to do sth; to keep busy with sth; продовжувати: Despite the threat of war, people went about their business as usual.

2. to start working on sth; починати щось: You’re not going about the job in the right way. How should I go about finding a job?

go along to make progress; to develop; просуватися; розвиватися: Things are going along nicely.

go at sb to attack sb, sth; нападати на когось: They went at each other furiously.

go back (to sth) to consider sth that happened or was said at an earlier time; згадати, повернутися до: Can I go back to what you said at the beginning of the meeting?

go back on sth to fail to keep a promise; to change your mind about sth; порушувати обіцянку, відмовлятись від своїх слів: He never goes back on his word.

go by (of time) to pass; з часом: Things will get easier as time goes by. The weeks went slowly by.

go by sth to be guided by sth; to form an opinion from sth; спиратися на щось: That’s a good rule to go by. If past experience is anything to go by, they’ll be late.

go down in/on sth to be written in sth; to be recorded or remembered in sth; бути зафіксованим, записаним: It all goes down in her notebook.

go down to sb to be defeated by sb, especially in a game or competition; програти, потерпіти поразку: Italy went down to Brazil by three goals to one.

go down with sb to be received in a particular way by sb; бути схваленим: The suggestion didn’t go down very well with her boss.

go into sth 1. to examine or check sth carefully; уважно вивчати щось, розглядати, займатись: We need to go into the question of costs.

2. to study sth carefully, especially by repeating it; повертатись, прокручувати: He went over the events of the day in his mind.

5. RATTLE vi/t

1. to make a series of short loud sounds when hitting against sth hard; to make sth do this; тріскотіти, торохтіти, гуркотіти, гриміти, брязкати: Small stones rattled on the underside of the car. A window rattled in the wind.

2. (of a vehicle) to make a series of short loud sounds as it moves somewhere; рухатися з гуркотом, мчати, гнати, трясти ( rattle down, rattle over, rattle along, rattle past ): They rattled the furniture around the big old house. A convoy of trucks rattled by.

3. to make sb nervous or frightened; хвилювати, бентежити, турбувати, лякати: He was clearly rattled by the question.

SYNONYM: embarrass

NOTE: embarrass means 1. to make sb feel shy, awkward or ashamed, especially in a social situation;бентежити, турбувати: Her questions about my private life embarrassed me.

2. to scold; лаяти, давати прочухана: She embarrassed the pupil for his unwillingness to answer.

IDM: rattle sb’s cage to annoy sb; дратувати: Who’s rattled his cage?

rattle through to do sth very quickly because you want to finish it as quick as possible; квапливо робити щось, підштовхувати, прискорювати: She rattled through her speech in five minutes.

rattle around sth (informal) to be living, working, etc. in a room or building that is too big; знаходитись або жити у занадто великому приміщенні: She spent the last few years alone, rattling around the old family home.

rattle sth off to say sth from memory without having to think too hard; відтарабанити, говорити без угаву: She can rattle off the names of all the presidents of the US.

rattle on (about sth) to talk continuously about sth that is not important or interesting, especially in an annoying way; говорити швидко, базікати: At every meeting she rattled on for hours.

SYNONYM: chatter

rattle n

1. (also rattling) [usually sing.] a series of short loud sounds made when hard objects hit against each other; тріск, гуркіт, деренчання, перестукування: the rattle of gunfire. From the kitchen came a rattling of cups and saucers.

2. noise, chatter; гам, гвалт, шум: She cannot bear a place without some cheerfulness and rattle.

3. a person who speaks much; невгамовний балакун, торохтій, цокотун, базікало: I paid so little attention to the talk of this rattle.

SYNONYM: chatterer

6. REDUCE vt

1. sth (from sth) (to sth)| ~ sth (by sth) to make sth less or smaller in size, quantity, price, etc.; знижувати, зменшувати, скорочувати: Reduce speed now ( = on a sign). Costs have been reduced by 20% over the past year. The skirt was reduced to £10 in the sale.

SYNONYM: diminish, lessen, decrease

NOTE: diminish – to become or to make sth become smaller, weaker, etc: The world’s resources are rapidly diminishing. His influence has diminished with time.

NOTE: lessen – to become or make sth become smaller, weaker, less important: The noise began to lessen.

NOTE: decrease – (from sth) (to sth) – to become or make sth become smaller in size, number, etc.: The number of new students decreased from 210 to 160 this year.

ANTONYMS: enhance, enlarge, escalate, extend, raise

2. to bring or get to a certain condition; худнути, доводити до певного стану : Hunger had reduced the poor dog to skin and bone. A reducing plan.

IDM: reduced circumstances the state of being poorer than you were before; скрутні обставини: People say ‘living in reduced circumstances’ to avoid saying ‘poor’.

reduce sb/sth (from sth) to sth/to doing sth to force sb/sth into a particular state or condition, usually a worse one; доводити до певного стану, зводити до чогось: a beautiful building reduced to rubble. They were reduced to begging in the streets. The whole town was reduced to ashes in the bombing.

reduce sth to sth to change sth to a more general or more simple form; спрощувати, змінити, систематизувати: We can reduce the problem to two main issues.

reduction n

1. reducing or being reduced; спрощення, зменшення: The goods are sold at a great reduction in price.

SYNONYM: discount