24.2 Find the Russian equivalents for the following English terms

Alert system, call button, civil engineering structures, channel constriction, current velocity, dwelling, fire suppression station; go out of service, high carbon content, ice accumulation, impact of ice, leakage, negligence, settlement, structural deficiencies.

24.3 Find the English equivalents for each of the Russian terms

Аварийная система двусторонней связи; государственный стандарт; земная кора; недостаточные знания; опись; повреждения конструкции; человек, пострадавший от несчастного случая; серьёзный материальный ущерб; суровые температурные условия.

24.4 Complete the sentences using the following words and translate them into Russian

Abnormal, amount, bearings, buggy, chain reaction, creep-type failure, dead weight, emergency response personnel, failure, fatigue crack, fire crew, freeway, jacking up, initial cause, loose, official, overflow, pothole, rescuer, rivet, roadway, shift, similar, thorough inspection, trapped.

1. The entire span of the (скоростная автострада со сквозным движением) eight-lane Interstate 35W Bridge in the United States collapsed during evening rush hour on August 1, 2007 (fig.24.2b). It was a major Minneapolis artery over the Mississippi River that carried daily 140,000 vehicles. The number was dramatically higher than designers would have thought of in 1965. Up to 20 vehicles were caught up in the collapse; a school bus, eight cars, a truck, tons of concrete and deformed metal parts were plummeting into the river, 13 people were killed and 145 were injured.

2. The catastrophic failure was due to additional weight on the bridge at the time of the collapse. Road crews were working on the bridge when the 40-year-old and structurally deficient structures, buckled. Construction crews began their (смена) and were to pave the roadway piling up sand and gravel. There were construction supplies and equipment including (тележка) to haul the concrete, a cement truck, a concrete mobile mixer, and even personal vehicles of the workers on the bridge deck. That added 261,000 kg of extra weight to the bridge spans.

3. Another likely cause of the collapse was a design flaw. The reports showed (усталостная трещина) in the spans that were reinforced with bolted plates. The inspectors offered conducting of a (тщательный осмотр) of certain bridge elements to see if there was crack propagation, and, instead of every other year, they inspected the bridge annually starting from 1993. The last full inspection was completed on June 15, 2006 and inspectors did not notice any immediate structural problems.

4. The experts wanted to understand an (первоначальная причина) of damage and investigated the steel plates or gussets that held the girders together. The plates were attached to the girders with (заклёпка) that were more likely to slip than the bolts. The riveting technology required many holes that weakened steel. Besides, the inspectors reported (ненатянутый) bolts, section loss, pitting and heavy flaking rust on the gussets. Repair welding work weakened the plates in key spots because new tiny cracks developed in superheated steel under cooling. Some cracked gussets were too thin and weak to withstand the pressure of the beams they connected, and caused the collapse.

5. Several inspection reports cited problems with the bridge structure. The Interstate 35W Bridge was in need of replacement but was in service. In 2001 the experts installed a computerized anti-icing system spraying chemicals on the bridge elements under low temperatures. In a nine month period prior to the collapse the (выбоина) on the bridge roadway and other concrete structures were repaired with lane closures overnight. The repair of bearings was not performed because it required (поднимать домкратом) the entire deck of the bridge. The workers were carrying out the repairing work while vehicles were slowly moving along the limited number of lanes when the structure collapsed.

6. (Отряд реагирования на чрезвычайную ситуацию) and (пожарная бригада) were on the scene within minutes and helped people who were trapped in their cars. Rescuers and divers were checking the river for survivors; volunteers assisted children and escorted the wounded. People held a minute of silence, left the flowers and lowered the flags in victims remembrance. Engineers and experts warned that more than 70,000 bridges across the US were in the similar condition. Authorities ordered to inspect 700 bridges of a similar design. A replacement bridge was constructed and opened in 2008.

7. Drivers use thousands of well-maintained Japanese tunnels every day. The length of the Sasago Tunnel, one of the longest Japanese tunnels, that runs 80 kilometers west of Tokyo, is nearly 5 km long. This extensively used tunnel was built in 1977. On December 3, 2012, hundreds of concrete ceiling slabs collapsed. Large concrete panels that had fallen from the ceiling were shown at the footage from security cameras installed inside the tunnel. Nine people travelling in their vehicles were killed, two people suffered injuries. The transport ministry ordered immediate inspections on 49 ther tunnels of (похожий) construction around the country.

8. Emergency crews rushed to the Sasago tunnel. Though they were equipped with breathing apparatus, thick smoke billowing from the tunnel entrance, hampered them. (спасатель) in protective gear scrambled over crashed down thick panels and battled their way to bodies or survivors in (под завалом) vehicles, but were forced to suspend their efforts to reach them because experts assessed the danger and warned that the roof of the tunnel could be unstable and more debris could fall.

9. The experts investigated why 270 concrete ceiling slabs in the Sasago Tunnel collapsed and triggered the fire inside it. Each panel, measuring about 5 m by 1.2 m and 8 cm thick weighed 1.4 tons. The initial cause of damage could be bolts that held the slabs of the tunnel roof. The bolts had become aged as the tunnel was more than thirty years old. But according to an (сотрудник) at the highway operator the regular inspection of the tunnel’s roof that had been performed nearly three months before the tragedy, found no (отклоняющийся от нормы) characteristics.

10. The Big Dig is unofficial name of the Central Artery/Tunnel Project that was one of the most technically challenging and expensive highway megaproject in the USA ever undertaken. On July 10, 2006 a concrete ceiling panel that weighted nearly 3 tons collapsed sending tons of concrete to the (проезжая часть) below, and one of the tunnel section was out of service for almost a year. The fatal accident killed a passenger in a car and injured the driver. Lack of inspection and the (небрежность) to meet building standards contributed to the collapse. The epoxy glue for connecting the roof slabs was not appropriate for long-term bonding and could not withstand the weight of a panel. The epoxy slowly pulled away, and the simultaneous (выскальзывание) of several anchors set off a (цепная реакция) that caused the collapse of the ceiling structure.

11. Gerrards Cross Tunnel is a 320-m railway tunnel in England, GB. The crown of the tunnel caved in and partially collapsed in 2005. A large (объём) of soil fell onto the railway tracks, but fortunately nobody was killed or injured. A driver saved its train heading towards the tunnel because, when he had just put the train into motion, he managed to use the emergency brake just in time. Initial inspection suspected that something was wrong with backfilling operation. The material was to build up evenly over the crown of the arch and on both sides, but the experts saw the difference in fill levels on either side of the arch. The problem became worse by heavy rainfalling that hit the place several days before the accident.