16.2 Find the Russian equivalents for the following English terms:

Around the clock service, bridge deck expansion joints, bridge structural integrity, crack sealing, emergency repairs, fatigue cracking, high-pressure water jet, imminent failure, on-site review, overhaul, pothole, preventive maintenance, rebar, roadbed, running maintenance, scheduled bridge repairs, short-term lane closure, the State Acceptance Committee, track leveling, upkeep, wear.

16.3 Find the English equivalents for the following Russian terms

Безаварийная работа; бригадир обходчиков моста; визуальное исследование; вредные вещества; датчики на участке тестирования; допустимая нагрузка; доска; люлька верхового рабочего; мостовой мастер; наносы; неразрушающий контроль; отвечать проектным техническим условиям; подводный костюм; пропускная способность; разрушающийся бетон; состояние моста; ультразвуковое исследование.

16.4 Match the equivalents

1. Availability status	a) подразделение
2. Building Specifications	b) ремонтная бригада
3. Engineering supervision	c) состояние готовности
4. Frost heaving	d) земляное полотно
5. Maintenance crew	e) скол, отслаивание, выкрашивание бетона
6. Maintenance supervisor	f) разрушение вследствие износа
7. Roadbed	g) трещина скалывания
8. Serviceability	h) начальник участка
9. Shear crack	i) строительные нормы
10. Spalling	j) удобство технического обслуживания; эксплуатационная надёжность
11. Subdivision	k) пучение грунта при замерзании
12. Wear-out failure	l) технический надзор

16.5 Complete the following sentences

1. Bridge inspection involves ………………………………………

   1. the inspection of bridge components and joints;

   2. the verification of technical documentation;

   3. the determination of forces in bridge elements.

2. The damage and defects of long bridges under operation are discovered by …

   1. the State Acceptance Committee

   2. a bridge inspector

   3. a maintenance supervisor.

3. Crack sealing is an important part of concrete deck maintenance because ...

1. the cracks cause a loss of bridge load-carrying capacity.

2. the cracks lead to catastrophic failure of concrete.

3. traffic cannot use the bridge.

4. If a bridge is built according to the Building Specifications issued in 1907…

4. this bridge can carry modern rolling stock.

5. it is necessary to determine the bridge carrying capacity.

6. it cannot provide safe passage for modern rolling stock.

16.6 Read the text and find the equivalents for the following terms

Большие эксплуатационные затраты; выявление усталости металла; гнить; дефект материала (раковины); досконально; изнашиваться; коррозия; ледоход; неисправность, нарушающая работу других элементов системы; неприглядно; нержавеющая сталь; оседание грунта; ослабление болтов; паводок; подмыв опор; покраска; разрыв сварочного шва; ржаветь; скол; смещение опор; трещина; удаление грязи, песка; усадочная раковина; эксплуатация.

All bridge types have their own peculiarities, and maintenance crews have to consider them. In the case of short span bridges (between 2 and 6 m) made out of timber, the most complicated maintenance problems are ice drift and water flooding. Bridge scouring caused by rushing water may result in support displacement. In addition, timber can decay and suffer from fire.

Metal structures also demand appropriate care because their elements and joints become rusty. Salt precipitation from seawater has an influence on steel components of the bridge enhancing corrosion. That is why metal bridges need painting or some other surface treatment. Stainless steel is too expensive. High-strength bolts and rivets weakening, welding damage and other active faults call for continual and qualified inspection. The places where older steel parts are connected need steel fatigue inspections by ultrasonic testing to check for cracks.

Reinforced concrete bridges do not require heavy maintenance cost if they are built without any engineering faults. However, fractures, flawing and cracking, concrete spalling and reinforcement corrosion, voids and delaminations, cissing and shrinkage cavities may frequently appear in concrete structures. The most hazardous defects, especially dangerous in supports, may appear when concrete hardens. Inspectors use ultrasonic tests to determine cracks that are undetectable to the human eye. In addition, the displacement of supports is a serious threat to the bridge’s foundation, especially in the case of soft ground.

Culverts need careful inspection, cleaning and such work as desilting and desanding before each flood. Some culvert sections can displace due to soil settlement in the embankment.

During inspection, the experienced, professional engineers and inspectors must rigorously examine each bridge component, and identify any maintenance work for ensuring safe travelling. The inspectors load a special truck with concrete blocks and attach instruments to the bridge. The truck drives across the bridge while the instruments record the structure movements and measure the bridge load capacity. Minor rusting on certain bridge components or chipped concrete may be the natural process of bridge aging that does not affect bridge safety, though the structure may look unsightly.

Inspectors may remove small samples of concrete or steel from the bridge for conducting tests using laboratory devices to check the strength.