8.3 Find the Russian equivalents for the following English terms

Access for maintenance and overhaul, brittle, carbon, continuous beam, constructability, chromium oxide film, discontinuous beam, ductile, great maintenance costs, haunch, high dynamic sensitivity, high-strength steel, manganese, metalworking, rare elements, rivet, steel consumption, steel grade, strength, surface, welding, wrought iron.

8.4 What are the English equivalents for the following Russian terms?

Алюминий, железо, консольно-балочный пролёт, коррозия металла, металлические конструкции, нержавеющая сталь, низколегированная сталь, окислы металла, окраска, подверженность коррозии, соединение металлических элементов, чугун.

8.5 Say whether these statements are true

1. The span length for metal bridges is:

a) 10-50 m; b) 50-100 m; c) 50-1500 m.

2. The principal advantage of metal spans is:

a) constructability under reconstruction; b) reinforced concrete savings;

c) bridging long spans.

3. The most reliable method of joining metal elements is:

a) welding; b) riveting; c) bolting.

4. Standard truss length is:

a) 42 m; b) 77 m; c) 100 m.

5. Oxide film is typical for:

a) low alloy steel; b) stainless steel; c) aluminum.

8.6 Match the Russian and English terms

1. автоматическая сварка	a) Steel grade
2. внешняя нагрузка	b) Wrought iron
3. деталь	c) Lattice, truss web
4. крепление	d) Stiffening rib
5. крупносерийное производство	e) External load
6. марка стали	f) Large-scale production
7. молоток, поддержка при клёпке	g) Fastening
8. панель фермы	h) Rivet driving
9. ребро жесткости	i) Holding-up hammer
10. решетка фермы	j) Component
11. ручная сварка	k) Machine welding
12. сварочное железо	l) Beam web, girder web
13. стенка балки	m) Manual welding
14. установка заклепок	n) Truss spacing, truss panel

8.7 Complete and translate the following sentences

1. (Крепление) by bolts or rivets is widely used in bridge building. (Установка заклепок) is rather labour consuming and a dangerous operation due to heating up rivets to a (красный металл) temperature. The ironworkers hold the rivets and simultaneously flatten them using a special (молоток). This manually operated job is rather harmful to human health.

2. Welding is a technique used for joining metallic (детали) by heat. Welders perform (сварка элементов) of steel spans by special (автоматическая сварка) or by the (ручная сварка) in situ. During the welding process, steel is heated and this can result in the degradation of the adjacent metal structure.

3. (Стальные фермы) made by standard design are widely used for spans from 33 up to 132 m long (fig. 8.4). Panel length in Russia is 5.5 m or 11 m; therefore truss spacing is 11-33-44-55-66 m, etc. It is very suitable for bridge (проектирование, ремонт и реконструкция).

a - Reconstruction with removal of trusses (1998 – 1999)	b - Road-cum-rail Bridge across the River Amur with Trestle Approach (2000)

Figure 8.4 Bridge across the River Amur in Khabarovsk

4. The truss is a structural component made out of straight metal pieces to form a series of (треугольник) lying in a single plane. No stress can distort a triangle shape structure. The truss gives a stable form capable of supporting considerable (внешняя нагрузка) over a large span. The connected pieces forming the top and the bottom of the truss are called the top and bottom (пояс фермы) respectively. The diagonal and vertical braces connecting the top and bottom chords are the web of the truss.