WIPO/OLOA/EC/PRIMER
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WIPO |
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E WIPO/INT/02 ORIGINAL: English DATE: December 2002 |
WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION |
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GENEVA |
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Intellectual property on the internet: a survey of issues
http://ecommerce.wipo.int
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ON THE INTERNET: i
A SURVEY OF ISSUES i
TABLE OF CONTENTS 2
INTRODUCTION 6
I. THE INTERNET AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DIGITAL SOCIETY 8
World Online Population 8
Source: World Telecommunication Development Report, ITU, March 2002 9
Source: World Telecommunication Indicators, ITU, March 2002 10
Cost of Internet Access 10
Languages Used on the Internet 11
Speakers 12
Source: Global Reach (last revised September 30, 2002), at http://www.global-reach.biz/globstats 12
Developments in Means of Internet Access 12
Online Activities 14
Value of Commercial Transactions on the Internet 16
Percentage of Online Commercial Transactions Compared to Overall Commerce 16
Percentage of Individuals Purchasing Goods and Services over the Internet 17
Categories of Goods Purchased on the Internet 18
Distribution of Internet Sales between National and International Markets 19
Source: OECD, “Information Technology Outlook - ITCs and the Information 19
II. THE MIGRATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY TO THE INTERNET 20
III. (a) COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS 29
(i) INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL COPYRIGHT 29
(ii) THE WIPO INTERNET TREATIES 31
(a) Scope of Rights 32
(b) Enforcement and Management of Rights 34
(c) Status of the WIPO Internet Treaties 37
“E.U. Copyright Directive” 39
(iii) EMERGING COPYRIGHT ISSUES 40
(a) Scope of Copyright Protection in the Digital Environment 41
(b) Liability of Internet Service Providers 43
(c) Rights of Performers in a Digital Environment 46
(d) Rights of Digital Broadcasters 47
(e) Linking of Copyright Information Online 50
(f) Protection of Databases 53
(g) Peer-to-Peer File Sharing – Napster 54
(iv) LICENSING AND RIGHTS MANAGEMENT IN THE DIGITAL ARENA 58
(a) Licensing and Collective Management of Rights 58
(b) Digital Rights Management 59
(c) Trends in Licensing and Rights Management 61
III. (b) TRADEMARKS AND OTHER RIGHTS IN DISTINCTIVE SIGNS 63
(i) IMPORTANCE OF TRADEMARKS ONLINE 63
(ii) DEVELOPMENTS IN USE OF TRADEMARKS ONLINE 64
Source: http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/people/edelman/dns-as-search/ 65
(a) Use of Trademarks as Meta Tags 65
(b) Sale of Trademarks as Keywords 68
(c) Pop-Up Advertisements 69
(d) Mousetrapping 69
(e) Linking and framing 69
(iii) PRINCIPLE OF TERRITORIALITY AND USE OF TRADEMARKS ONLINE 71
(a) Acquisition of Trademark Rights Through Use of a Sign on the Internet 71
(b) Infringement of Trademark Rights Through Use of a Sign on the Internet 71
(c) Acceptable Unauthorized Use 72
(d) Global Effect of Injunctions 73
(e) Enabling Co-existence of Rights on the Internet 74
(iv) WIPO JOINT RECOMMENDATION ON PROTECTION OF MARKS ON THE INTERNET 76
(v) WIPO JOINT RECOMMENDATION ON WELL-KNOWN MARKS 80
(vi) UNFAIR COMPETITION 81
(a) Interactive Marketing Practices 82
(b) Transparency and Privacy Concerns 82
(c) National Versus International Standards of “Unfair” Marketing Practices 82
(d) Trade Secrets 83
III. (c) DOMAIN NAMES 84
(i) INTRODUCTION TO DOMAIN NAMES 84
(ii) RECENT DEVELOPMENTS CONCERNING DOMAIN NAMES AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 85
(a) New gTLDs 85
(b) Multilingual Domain Names 87
(c) Keywords 89
(d) Multiple Roots 89
(e) Creation of the Generic Top-Level Domain .EU 90
(f) ICANN Reform 91
(g) World Implementation of the Enum Protocol 92
(iii) WIPO PROGRAMS 93
(a) WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center 93
(b) Second WIPO Internet Domain Name Process 96
(c) WIPO Cooperation Program for ccTLDs 100
III. (d) PATENTS 102
(i) PATENTS IN THE DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT 102
(a) Business Method Patents 103
(b) Software Patents 105
(c) Prior Art Effect 107
(d) Enforcement of Rights 108
(ii) WIPO PROGRAMS 109
IV. THE ROLE OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW AND ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION 110
(i) PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND THE INTERNET 110
(a) What is Private International Law? 111
(b) Private International Law and the Internet 112
(c) Sources of Private International Law 113
(d) Private International Law, Harmonization and Intellectual Property 115
(e) Jurisdiction and Applicable Law in Intellectual Property Disputes 119
“Intellectual property 122
(a) Acquisition of Rights 124
(b) Infringement of Rights 125
(ii) ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION 128
(a) What are the Methods of Alternative Dispute Resolution? 128
(b) The WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center 129
(c) General Characteristics of ADR 130
(d) ADR in E-Commerce 131
(e) ADR, E‑Commerce and Intellectual Property 134
(f) ADR and Legal Systems 135
(g) ADR Limits and Challenges 137
(h) An Example: The WIPO UDRP Experience 139
(i) New Developments in ADR 142
V. ISSUES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN THE DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT 144
(i) INTRODUCTION 144
(ii) ‘DIGITAL BRIDGES’ OVER THE DIGITAL DIVIDE 144
Source: George Sciadas, “Monitoring the Digital Divide,” Orbicom-CIDA Project 146
Source: George Sciadas, “Monitoring the Digital Divide,” Orbicom-CIDA Project 146
(iii) ACCESS AND PARTICIPATION IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY 147
(iv) OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES 150
(v) DIFFERENTIAL E-DEVELOPMENT 152
The Geography of Technological Innovation and Achievement 156
Technology Hubs 156
Potential Leaders 156
Dynamic Adopters 156
Marginalized 156
Data not available 156
(vii) WIPO’s DIGITAL AGENDA IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 158
(viii) MUSEUMS AND IMAGES OF CULTURAL HERITAGE ONLINE 162
(ix) TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE DATABASES AND DIGITAL LIBRARIES 165
VI. DIGITAL DELIVERY OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY SERVICES 167
(i) DEVELOPMENTS IN NATIONAL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICES 167
(a) Traditional Intellectual Property Office Administration 167
(b) Use of New Information Technology Systems in IP Offices 168
European Patent Office - epoline® System 171
Source: Japan Patent Office, 2002 172
(ii) WIPO SERVICES 173
(a) WIPONET 174
(b) The PCT Treaty and Procedure 176
(c) The Madrid Agreement and Electronic Systems 183
(d) The Hague Agreement and Electronic Systems 186
VII. THE WIPO DIGITAL AGENDA 188
Entry into force of the WCT and the WPPT before December 2001. 190