Вариант VII
1. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст, используя словарь.
Memory
If you do not use your arms or your legs for some time, they become weak; when you start using them again, they slowly become strong again. Everybody knows this, and nobody would think of questioning this fact. Yet there are many people who do not seem to know1 that the memory works in the same way.
When someone says that he has a good memory, he really means that he keeps his memory in practice by exercising it regularly, either consciously or unconsciously. When someone else says that his memory is poor, he really means that he does not give it enough opportunity to become strong. The position is exactly the same as that of two people, one of whom exercises his arms and legs by playing tennis, while the other sits in a chair or a motor car all day.
If a friend complains that his arms are weak, we know that it is his own fault. But if he tells us that he has a poor memory, many of us think his parents are to blame, 2 or that he is just unlucky. Not all of us can become extremely strong or extremely clever; but all of us can, if we have ordinary bodies and brains, improve our strength and our memory by the same means – practice.
Have you ever noticed that people who cannot read or write have better memories than those who can? They have to remember dates, times, and prices, names, songs and stories; so their memory is the whole time being exercised3. So if you want a good memory, learn to practice remembering.
1do not seem to know – по-видимому не знают.
2his parents are to blame – нужно винить его родителей.
3is ... being exercised – тренируется.
2. Перепишите вопросы, дайте ответы на английском языке, основываясь на содержании прочитанного текста, и переведите на русский язык.
Why is it necessary to give memory enough exercise?
What does “a poor memory” mean?
What useful means of training one's memory could you suggest?
What people do usually have a good memory?
3. Ответьте на вопросы, выразив собственное мнение.
Have you ever thought about the quality of your own memory?
What sort of information do you remember better: names, numbers, dates, and times?
4. Перепишите данные слова и словосочетания на русском языке и напишите их эквиваленты, основываясь на содержании прочитанного текста.
cлабый; казаться; подобным способом, методом; подразумевать, иметь ввиду; тренировать, укреплять; сознательно, умышленно, преднамеренно; бессознательно; очень сильный; жаловаться; вина; запоминание, припоминание, вспоминание.
Вариант VIII
Перепишите и письменно переведите текст, используя словарь.
How Do Psychologists Study the Mind?
Psychology is the science of the mind and behaviour. The human mind is perhaps the most complex and unique field of study, and has been a puzzle to humankind for hundreds of years. The human mind is the source of all thought, behaviour, emotions, interactions, and it determines how we conduct ourselves in society.
The mind is highly complex and enigmatic. Many wonder how psychologists can study such an abstract and extremely sophisticated thing. Even if scientists look inside the brain, as in an autopsy or during a surgical operation, all they see is gray matter (the brain). Thoughts, cognition, emotions, memories, dreams, perceptions, etc. cannot be seen physically, like a skin rash or heart defect.
Experts say that the approach to psychology is not that different to other sciences. As in other sciences, experiments are devised to confirm or disprove theories or expectations. For a psychologist, human behaviour is used as evidence – or at least an indication – of how the mind functions. We are unable to observe the mind directly; however, virtually all our actions, feelings and thoughts are influenced by the functioning of our minds. That is why human behaviour is used as raw data for testing psychological theories on how the mind functions.
German psychologist Wilhelm Wundt opened the first experimental psychology labs in the late 1800s. Since that time we have learned an enormous amount about the relationship between brain, mind, memory and behaviour.
2. Перепишите вопросы, дайте ответы на английском языке, основываясь на содержании прочитанного текста, и переведите на русский язык.
1. What determines our behaviour?
2. Can scientists see human mind?
3. What do psychologists use to test their theories?
4. Who opened the first psychology laboratory?
3. Ответьте на вопросы, выразив собственное мнение.
1. Why is it difficult to study human mind?
2. Can you describe any psychological experiment?
4. Перепишите данные слова и словосочетания на русском языке и напишите их эквиваленты, основываясь на содержании прочитанного текста.
сложный; сложный; область исследований; человечество; определять, устанавливать; сложно устроенный, утончённый; аутопсия (вскрытие); хирургический; серое вещество мозга; познание, узнавание, распознавание; восприятие; сыпь; порок сердца; разрабатывать, изобретать; опровергать; ожидание; по крайней мере; наблюдать, следить (за чем-л.); прямо, непосредственно; фактически, практически; необработанные данные, исходные данные; Вильгельм Вундт.