20. Grammatical categories of the noun in oe.

It had gram. Categories of Gender, Number and Case. Category of Gender was basedon the opposition of masculine, feminine and neutral. Gender was a lexico-grammatical category, was expressed not so much by the inflections, but by the forms of agreement of adjectives, numerals, pronouns which modify the noun. The gram. Category of Gender is already in the process of decay( many nouns having the same forms could belong to different genders). Noun had 2 numbers: singular and plural. The category of case was represented by 4 opposite members: Nominative, Genetive, Dative, Accusative.

21. The Declension of the Noun in oe. Types of stems.

(TABLE 40). The strong declension includes nouns with vocalic stems (-a-,-o-,-i-,-u-) and the weak comprises only n-stems. There is also the root-stem declension and some minor declensions (r-stem, s-stem, -nd-stems). Depending on the character of the sound in the stem-building suffix the stems can also be looked upon as vocalic and consonantal. The vowel a-system declension is the most widely spread and proved to be the most stable in the history. The root stem declension stands separately from all others: the inflections were joined not to the suffix but to the root. The character. feature of their type of nouns was the original existence of the i-element in the forms of the dative singular and also in the nominative and accusative plural. The group wasn’t numerous, the words belonging to it were characterized by high frequency of use

22. The Categories of the oe Adjective and their further development.

• number – the singular and the plural;

• gender – masculine, neuter and feminine ;

• case – nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and partly instrumental

23. The Adjective in oe.

was a fully declinable part of speech. It had 2 numbers, 3 genders and 4 (5) cases. The categories of adj. are dependable upon the nouns. The adj. had 2 types of declensions: strong and weak. Strong adj. had more endings opposed to each other , so these adj. supported the nouns by their specific forms, helping the latter to render the relations in the phrase in a “stronger” way, therefore they are called strong. Weak declension was characterized by the ending –en. Most adj. could be declined according to both declensions. Some adj. also changed their forms in accordance with the category of Degrees of comparison..

24. The Pronoun in oe.

In OE there existed several groups of pronouns: Personal, Demonstrative, Definite, Indefinite, Negative and Relative. Personal pronouns had the following grammatical categories: the category of Person( 3 persons); the category of Number( 3 numbers: singular, dual and plural); the category of Case( Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative). Demonstrative pronouns played an important functional role in the grammatical system of OE, helping to differentiate homonymous forms of nouns..

25. Strong, Weak, Preterite-Present and Anomalous Verbs in oe.

The Strong verbs may be called “ablaut verbs”, the verbs which have the alternation of vowels in the stems. There are 7 classes of strong verbs. Weak verbs formed their Past and Participle II by means of the dental suffix –d- or –t-. Have only three basic forms which are differed in the ending of the Infinitive, the sonority of the suffix, and the sounds preceding the suffix. The Preterite-Present verbs are of the specific character in the verb system of OE. There were 12 preterite-present verbs. Irregular verbs . there are 4 verbs in OE listed as irregular b͞eon/wesan ( be ), ᴣan (go), do͞n (do) and willan ( will). The first 2 differ from all other verbs in their forms are derived from different roots, that is their system is based on suppletivity