- •English as a Germanic Language, its place among other langs of the word.
- •Common Germanic Vowel Shift. Common Germanic Vowel Fracture.
- •Periods in the History of English.
- •The structure of the word in oe, its previous and subsequent stages.
- •Development of Vowels in oe. (p. 47)
- •Assimilative Process in oe vocalism and their traces in Mod e.
- •The oe vowel system. Phonological process in oe and their traces in me (oe Breaking, Velar Umlaut, I-Umlaut, Palatal Diphthongization).
- •The Origin and Status of short diphthongs in oe.
- •Oe system of vowels.
- •Lengthening of Vowels in oe.
- •Oe vowels. Development of Vowels in Unstressed Syllables in oe.
- •The oe Consonant System.
- •Development of Consonants in oe.
- •The oe Vowel System.
- •Nominal Grammatical Categories in oe and their Historical Development.
- •Grammatical categories of the noun in oe.
- •The Declension of the Noun in oe. Types of stems.
- •The Categories of the oe Adjective and their further development.
- •The Adjective in oe.
- •The Pronoun in oe.
- •Strong, Weak, Preterite-Present and Anomalous Verbs in oe.
- •Verbal Grammatical Categories in oe.
- •Strong Verbs in oe.
- •Weak Verbs in oe.
- •Preterite-Present Verbs in oe and their further development.
- •The Morphological Classification of the oe Verbs.
- •Principal Features of oe Syntax.
- •Oe Vocabulary.
- •The Peculiarities of the Complex Sentence. Structure in oe and its historical development.
- •The Structure of the Simple sentence in oe.
- •Principal Features of oe vocabulary.
- •The Word formation oe.
- •Changes within the Consonant System in me.
- •Me Vowels: Qualitative changes.
- •Reduction of Vowels in Final Unstressed Syllables in me.
- •Me Vowels: Quantitative changes.
- •Changes within the System of Vowels in me. Таблица 71
- •Sources of New me diphthongs.
- •Formation of New Diphthongs in me.
- •Changes within the Noun System in me.
- •Changes within the Adjective System in me.
- •Changes within the Pronoun System in me.
- •Rise of the Article System in me.
- •Changes within the System of Strong and Weak Verb in me.
- •Categories of the Verb in me.
- •Development of Future and Passive in English.
- •Development of Continuous Aspect in English.
- •Development of Perfect Forms in English.
- •Middle English Dialects.
- •The Linguistic Consequences of the Norman Conquest.
- •The Great Vowel Shift.
- •Historical Development of Analytical Forms of the verb in English.
- •Development of vowels in Unstressed Syllables in oe, me, Early New English.
- •Development of Non-Finite Forms of the verb in the English language.
- •Latin Development of Vocabulary in me.
- •The Unstressed Vocalism and its Role in the Morphological Structure of the English language.
Oe system of vowels.
Comparing OE system of vowels with IE and Protogermanic we can arrive at a conclusion that the system of vowels in OE changed: in IE there were 10 monophthongs, in PG – 8, in OE – 15, there appeared 5 new phonemes (t. 32). If we compare PG diphthongs with OE, it could possible to say that in OE all the diphthongs are new. At least so the 8 diphtongs look at first sight. New phonemes appeared due to different phonetic processes
Lengthening of Vowels in oe.
before fricatives due to rejection of nasals
due to the loss of /x/ after a vowel in the immediate proximity of –l- or –r-
in the final position (stressed)
before –ld, - nd, - mb
Oe vowels. Development of Vowels in Unstressed Syllables in oe.
Rejection of vowels in the middle of the word. Rejection of u in: 2-syllabic words after stressed vowels, 3-syllabic words after a short vowel followed by another short vowel. Short vowels in final position or unstressed position are dropped, long vowels became short (æ long>æ, u long>u, Ilong>I)
The oe Consonant System.
Included different classes of consonants: according to the place of articulation – Labial, Bilabial, Labio-dental (p,b,f,v,m,w), Dental(t,d,n,r,l,s,z,) and Backlingual (divided into Palatal and Velar). According to the manner of articulation – noise and sonorants. Noise included occlusive and constrictive. Both groups could be voiced and voiceless. Many of them could be short and long. A few sibilants, no affricates..
Development of Consonants in oe.
Processes: Palatalization, Assibilation, Metathesis, Change of consonant groups, Shortening of long consonants in the final position. The essense of Palatalization – is the change of velar consonants (k,g, ʒ) into palatal (k’,g’, ʒ’) before or after front vowels. Assibilation is the change of palatal consonants into affricates and sibilants: g’, k’, sk’ change correspondingly into dʒ, tʃ, ʃ. Metathesis presupposes the change of the sequence:2 sounds exchange their places. Change of consonant groups /xs/ changes into /ks/. Process of Shortening – when long consonants in the final position become short.
The oe Vowel System.
(TABLE 32). Comparing OE system of vowels with the IE and PG: in IE there were 10 monophthongs (5 short, 5 long). In PG – only 8 (no short a and long o, there are also allophones: e/I and o/u). in OE there are already 15 monophthones (5 new phonemes: y short and long, æ short and long, and a nasal).In PG 4 diphthongs: ai, au, eu, iu. In OE 8 diphthongs – ea, eo, ie, io long and short. New phonemes in OE appeared due to different phonetic processes – the Common Germanic Fracture and the Common Germanic Vowel Shift
Nominal Grammatical Categories in oe and their Historical Development.
( question №20) Adjective – was a fully declinable part of speech. Had 2 numbers, 3 genders, 4 (smths 5 cases). Categories are dependable upon the nouns (agreed in gender, number and case as it was in IE and as it is in slavonic lang. now). Had weak and strong declensions. Weak was characterized by the ending –an, which was used in most of the forms. Strong – had more endings opposed to each other, so they supported the nouns by their specific forms. Some adj. changed their forms in accordance with the category of Degrees of comparison (suffix of the comparative degree was – ra, and of the superlative degree – ost). Pronoun – existed several groups – personal, demonstrative, definite, indefinite, negative, relative. Was NO separate group of Possesive pronoun ( appeared only in ME). Personal pr.(called noun – pronouns) had categories of person (1st, 2nd, 3d), number (sg, pl, dual), case (4 cases – Nom, Genet, Dat, Acc). The 3d pers. Sg. had the category of gender with the forms of masculine, feminine, neutral. In pl. was no gender difference. Demonstr. Pr. (adject. Pronouns) had categ. of gender, 2 numbers, and 5 cases.