- •English as a Germanic Language, its place among other langs of the word.
- •Common Germanic Vowel Shift. Common Germanic Vowel Fracture.
- •Periods in the History of English.
- •The structure of the word in oe, its previous and subsequent stages.
- •Development of Vowels in oe. (p. 47)
- •Assimilative Process in oe vocalism and their traces in Mod e.
- •The oe vowel system. Phonological process in oe and their traces in me (oe Breaking, Velar Umlaut, I-Umlaut, Palatal Diphthongization).
- •The Origin and Status of short diphthongs in oe.
- •Oe system of vowels.
- •Lengthening of Vowels in oe.
- •Oe vowels. Development of Vowels in Unstressed Syllables in oe.
- •The oe Consonant System.
- •Development of Consonants in oe.
- •The oe Vowel System.
- •Nominal Grammatical Categories in oe and their Historical Development.
- •Grammatical categories of the noun in oe.
- •The Declension of the Noun in oe. Types of stems.
- •The Categories of the oe Adjective and their further development.
- •The Adjective in oe.
- •The Pronoun in oe.
- •Strong, Weak, Preterite-Present and Anomalous Verbs in oe.
- •Verbal Grammatical Categories in oe.
- •Strong Verbs in oe.
- •Weak Verbs in oe.
- •Preterite-Present Verbs in oe and their further development.
- •The Morphological Classification of the oe Verbs.
- •Principal Features of oe Syntax.
- •Oe Vocabulary.
- •The Peculiarities of the Complex Sentence. Structure in oe and its historical development.
- •The Structure of the Simple sentence in oe.
- •Principal Features of oe vocabulary.
- •The Word formation oe.
- •Changes within the Consonant System in me.
- •Me Vowels: Qualitative changes.
- •Reduction of Vowels in Final Unstressed Syllables in me.
- •Me Vowels: Quantitative changes.
- •Changes within the System of Vowels in me. Таблица 71
- •Sources of New me diphthongs.
- •Formation of New Diphthongs in me.
- •Changes within the Noun System in me.
- •Changes within the Adjective System in me.
- •Changes within the Pronoun System in me.
- •Rise of the Article System in me.
- •Changes within the System of Strong and Weak Verb in me.
- •Categories of the Verb in me.
- •Development of Future and Passive in English.
- •Development of Continuous Aspect in English.
- •Development of Perfect Forms in English.
- •Middle English Dialects.
- •The Linguistic Consequences of the Norman Conquest.
- •The Great Vowel Shift.
- •Historical Development of Analytical Forms of the verb in English.
- •Development of vowels in Unstressed Syllables in oe, me, Early New English.
- •Development of Non-Finite Forms of the verb in the English language.
- •Latin Development of Vocabulary in me.
- •The Unstressed Vocalism and its Role in the Morphological Structure of the English language.
The Great Vowel Shift.
The Great Vowel Shift was a major change in the pronunciation of the English language that took place in England between 1350 and 1700.[1][2] The Great Vowel Shift was first studied by Otto Jespersen (1860–1943), a Danish linguist and Anglicist, who coined the term.[3]
Because English spelling was becoming standardized in the 15th and 16th centuries, the Great Vowel Shift is responsible for many of the peculiarities of English spelling.
he main difference between the pronunciation of Middle English and Modern English is in the value of the long vowels, described as the Great Vowel Shift. Vowels of Middle English had "continental" values much like those remaining in Spanishand liturgical Latin. However, during the Great Vowel Shift, the two highest long vowels became diphthongs, and the other five underwent an increase in tongue height with one of them coming to the front ([uː])
Formation of New Long Vowels in ME.
Formation of Sibilants and Affricates in ME. Voicing of voiceless fricatives in ME.
Formation of New diphthongs in ME.
Formation of new Short Vowels in ME.
Changes within the Consonant System in Early New English.
Simplification of Consonant Cluster in ME.
Changes within the Verb System in ME.
Development of vocabulary in ME.
Latin Borrowings throughout the Development of the English Language.
many words of Lain origin in English belong o cerain derivaional types:
verbs in -ate, derived from Past participle(PP) of the I conjugation of Latin verbs: aggravate, frustrate,narrate
2.verbs in -ute (PP of the III conj): attribute, pollute
from the PP of other verbs III conj: dismiss, collect, collapse
from infinitive of III conj: permit <-----permittere, admit<----admittere
adjectives derived from Present participles in -ant, -ent( II, III, IV conj):
arrogant, evident, patient
adj,<----comparitive degree of Latin adj. with the -ior suffix: interior, superior, junior
Historical Development of Analytical Forms of the verb in English.
in OE arose from syntactical phrases:
habban + PII = result of action; beon + PII = result of an action performed on it; sceal= inf,
will + inf = future action, wolde + inf= modal meaning
in ME Continuos, perfect, future, Passive voice developed
Development of vowels in Unstressed Syllables in oe, me, Early New English.
In OE:any voel can be found in unstressed ending: singan, sunu (a,u unstressed)
in Middle Engl: vowels of instressed endings have been levelled under a neutral vowel)somth like
shwa), represented by the letter e: sunu--->sune
in Modern English unstressed vowel sounds are lost in endings/
Rejection of u in two-syllabic words after stressed vowels (sceapu>sceap)
Development of Non-Finite Forms of the verb in the English language.
The infinitive form of any OE verb ends in -an (in some cases preceded by -i-). Most verbs having the longer suffix -ian belong to the second weak conjugation; however, most verbs ending in -rian belong to the first weak conjugation (erian plough, herian praise, nerian, werian defend; but andswarian answer, wandrian wander, wundrian wonder, 2nd weak conjugation). The so-called inflected infinitive is preceded by the infinitive marker tö and has an added suffix -ne: tö fremmanne, tö nerianne, tö hïeranne; tö lufianne; etc. Historically, the infinitive was a nominal form of the verb; the inflected infinitive was originally a dative form. The present participle is formed from the infinitive of any OE verb by adding -ende instead of the suffix -an: fremmende, neriende, hïerende; lufiende; etc. The past participle of a weak verb is formed form the 1/3 sg. preterite form by removing the suffix -e. Thus fremed, nered, hïerd; lufod; etc.