13. Sound [u] 13. Звук [u]

Spelling examples: book, good, pull, sugar, could.

Примеры написания: book, good, pull, sugar, could.

Spelling patterns for the short sound [u] Модели написания для краткого звука [u]

Combination OO: book, cook, look, hook, shook, took, good, stood, wood, hood, childhood, foot, wool, broom, rookie.

Буквосочетание OO: book, cook, look, hook, shook, took, good, stood, wood, hood, childhood, foot, wool, broom, rookie.

Letter U: put, push, pull, bush, bull, bullet, full, pudding, sugar, cushion, butcher.

Буква U: put, push, pull, bush, bull, bullet, full, pudding, sugar, cushion, butcher.

Letter O: wolf, woman;

Буква O: wolf, woman;

Combination OU: could, should, would.

Буквосочетание OU: could, should, would.

It is quite difficult to decide where to say the long sound [u:] and where to say the short sound [u] when they are represented by the combination OO (and, to a lesser extent, by the letter U). It's advisable to keep a comparison list of such words. In some cases, there are two variants of pronunciation: room – [ru:m] / [rum]; roof – [ru:f] / [ruf]; hoop – [hu:p] / [hup]; soot – [sut] / [su:t].

Довольно трудно решить, где произнести долгий звук [u:], а где краткий звук [u], когда они представлены буквосочетанием OO (и буквой U, хотя и в меньшей степени). Целесообразно вести сравнительный список таких слов. В некоторых случаях есть два варианта произношения: room – [ru:m] / [rum]; roof – [ru:f] / [ruf]; hoop – [hu:p] / [hup]; soot – [sut] / [su:t].

14. Sound [ər] as in sir 14. Звук [ər] как в слове sir

Spelling examples: verb, turn, first, learn, work, journey, dollar.

Примеры написания: verb, turn, first, learn, work, journey, dollar.

In American English, the sound [ər] is represented by the combinations of vowels with the letter R in the root, prefix, or suffix, under stress or unstressed. The sound [r] is pronounced in all positions in the word in AmE. All vowels can form such combinations. The combination AR represents the sound [ər] only in an unstressed position, usually in the suffix.

В американском английском, звук [ər] передается сочетаниями гласных с буквой R в корне, приставке или суффиксе, под ударением или без ударения. Звук [r] произносится во всех положениях в слове в AmE. Все гласные буквы могут образовывать такие сочетания. Сочетание AR передает звук [ər] только в безударном положении, обычно в суффиксе.

Spelling patterns for the sound [з] Модели написания для звука [з]

Combination ER: her, herb, serve, verb, verse, were, certain, person, concern, emergency, energy, perceive, percent, prefer, teacher, mister, buyer, finger, better, powder.

Буквосочетание ER: her, herb, serve, verb, verse, were, certain, person, concern, emergency, energy, perceive, percent, prefer, teacher, mister, buyer, finger, better, powder.

Combination UR: urge, fur, burn, turn, curse, purse, purr, hurry, current, occur, curtain, furnish, turkey, purpose, pursue, disturb, pleasure, lecture, pressure.

Буквосочетание UR: urge, fur, burn, turn, curse, purse, purr, hurry, current, occur, curtain, furnish, turkey, purpose, pursue, disturb, pleasure, lecture, pressure.

Combination IR: sir, fir, girl, bird, stir, shirt, skirt, third, whirl, circle, circus, dirty, thirsty.

Буквосочетание IR: sir, fir, girl, bird, stir, shirt, skirt, third, whirl, circle, circus, dirty, thirsty.

Combination EAR: learn, heard, search, early, earn, earth, pearl, yearn, rehearse.

Буквосочетание EAR: learn, heard, search, early, earn, earth, pearl, yearn, rehearse.

Combination OR: word, work, worm, world, worry, worse, worth; attorney, forgive, forget, doctor, visitor, favor, effort, comfort.

Буквосочетание OR: word, work, worm, world, worry, worse, worth; attorney, forgive, forget, doctor, visitor, favor, effort, comfort.

Combination OUR: courage, courtesy, journey, journal, glamour.

Буквосочетание OUR: courage, courtesy, journey, journal, glamour.

Combination AR: dollar, collar, grammar, sugar, solar, vulgar, anarchy, monarchy, beggar, coward, hazard.

Буквосочетание AR: dollar, collar, grammar, sugar, solar, vulgar, anarchy, monarchy, beggar, coward, hazard.

Combination YR: martyr, satyr, zephyr.

Буквосочетание YR: martyr, satyr, zephyr.

Combination EUR: amateur, connoisseur, chauffeur.

Буквосочетание EUR: amateur, connoisseur, chauffeur.

It is quite easy to memorize spelling patterns of words with the sound [ər] by arranging such words in columns according to their spelling.

Довольно легко запомнить модели написания слов со звуком [ər], если расположить такие слова в колонках согласно их написанию.