- •The noun. Semantic classification.
- •2. The category of number. Irregular plurals.
- •3. Singular and plural invariable nouns.
- •4. The case of noun. The use of the genitive case.
- •5. The use of the indefinite article with countable nouns.
- •6. The use of the definite article with countable nouns.
- •7. The use of articles with abstract nouns .
- •8. The use of articles with material nouns.
- •9. The use of articles with names of persons.
- •10. The use of articles with place names.
- •12. The adjective (Function, comparison, intensification)
- •13.Substantivized adjectives
- •14.Subjunctive II
- •15.The conditional mood
- •18.Oblique moods in simple sentences.
- •19.Oblique moods in nominal clauses.
- •20. Oblique moods in adverbial clauses.
- •21. The sentence. The structural classification. The simple sentence.
- •22.Communicative types of sentences
- •23. The subject. Ways of expressing the subject.
- •24. The subjects “It” and “There”.
- •25. The predicate verb complementation. Intransitive Verbs.
- •26. The predicate. Monotransitive verbs.
- •27. The predicate. Ditransitive and copular verbs.
- •28. Agreement of the predicate with the simple subject. Pronouns as subjects.
- •29. Agreement of the predicate with phrasal and homogeneous subjects.
- •30. Word order. Emphasis. Invertion.
- •31. The attribute. Ways of expressing.
- •32. The Object. Ways of expressing. Types of objects and complements.
- •The formal Object It
- •33. The adverbial modifier.Ways of expressing.Semantic classes.
- •34. Predicative complexes which can be any part of the sentence
- •5) Adverbial modifier
- •35. Predicative complexes that function as objects only
- •Obj. Constr. With verbals The obj. With the Inf. Constr.
- •The Use of the Objective with the Inf. Constr. As a Direct Object
- •The use of the Obj. With the Inf.Constr. As an Indirect Non-perfect Object
- •Objective constructions with non-verbals
- •36. Predicative complexes that function as adverbials only
- •The Absolute Nominative with Participle II Construction
- •Prepositional Absolute Construction
- •IV. Prepositional absolute constructions with non-verbals.
- •I couldn’t move my legs. It was as if they were stuck to the floor. (predicative clause)
- •It seems that they have no experience in this work. (predicative clause)
- •I recognized her the moment I saw her. (the moment as soon as)
- •I don't understand why he behaves as he does.
- •I was never allowed to do things the way I wanted to do them.
- •If you will come this way, the manager will see you now.
- •If you give me ten pounds (first), I'll stop smoking.
- •If it will make you happy (as a result), I’ll stop smoking.
- •I had to accept the fact, improbable though/as it was.
- •I don't blame you, and neither do I doubt your honesty.
- •Disjunctive coordination
- •I've forgotten everything (that) I learnt at school.
5. The use of the indefinite article with countable nouns.
The main functions of the indefinite article are classifying, generic, numerical.
In classifying function the indef. article shows that the speaker is characterizing a person, object or event only as a specimen of a certain class of things of the same kind. I am a student. Somewhere a telephone began to read.
The noun preceded by the classifying indef article may be accompanied by pre- or post modifying attributes: it is a very interesting novel.
The indef article is also used in predicative and adverbial phrases with like & as:I was trembling like a leaf.
In the generic function the indef article implies that the object denoted by the noun is spoken of as a representative of the class, and therefore what is said about one specimen of a class can be applied to all the specimen of the class. The meaning of the article with sing nouns here is close to every/any. A sonnet is a poem of fourteen lines.
The indefinite article in its generic function is often used in proverbs: A cat has nine lives.
In its numeric function the indefinite article always implies the idea of ‘oneness’. The numerical meaning is generally found:
with nouns denoting time, measure, weight.
We stared intently at her for a minute or two.
With the numerals hundred, thousand, million, dozen, score.
I’ve told you a hundred times that you mustn’t trust that man.
After the negative not: not a word was spoken in the parlour.
in some set phrases, like at a gulp, at a time.
Between two noun groups in expressions denoting prices, salaries, speeds.
90 pounds a week
150 kilometers an hour
6. The use of the definite article with countable nouns.
The definite article in its specifying function serves to single out an object from all other objects of the same kind. The specification is carried out by means of the situation, the preceding context, the meaning of the noun, restrictive attribute.
Situation specification occurs when the speaker is referring to some objects or person he assumes the hearer can identify in the environment they share.
An object or a group of objects may be specified by the reference to the preceding context. This use with the definite article is called anaphoric.
The definite article can also indicate unique reference/ the sun, the planets, the weather, the devil, the pope.
Specification can be carried out by various kinds of limiting attributes, in pre- and postposition to the noun phrase.
Prepositive limiting modifiers.
Adjectives in the superlative degree.
The general rule is that a noun modified by an adj in the superlative degree is used with the definite article.
Ordinal numerals.
The general rule is that a noun modified by an ordinal numeral is used with the definite article.(the first, the second…)
However when ordinal numerals are not used to indicate order but have the meaning of one more or another, the indefinite article is used.
The nouns modified by cardinal numerals are used without any article: There were four tables,
Still the defin article may be used with a noun modified by a cardinal numeral when determined by the context. Emity Brent looked at Vera. Vera Claytharne looked at Miss Brent. The two women rose.
Limiting adjectives and same
Limiting adj and the identifying pronoun same also particularize the reference of the noun:
the main reason the precise reason
the wrong answer the right way
but an only child
Attributive proper nouns
Proper nouns in the common case may be used as prepositive attributes to class nouns, such noun phrases are used with definite article: The Pushkin Theatre.
Nominal modifiers
Concrete count nouns in the common case can serve prepositional attributes and the word modified is used with the defin article: the colour red, the number seven.
POPOSITIVE limiting modifiers.
Prepositional of-phrase.
Often prepositional of-phrase do not have any limiting meaning. They are used with the indef article and denote: Quality: a book of interest, a man of courage
Quantity: a distance of 3 miles, a boy of five
Content, composition, material: a cup of tea, a group of children
2. Attributive restrictive clause(give additional information)
The defin article in its generic function indicates reference to a whole class of referents: it is used to denote a thing taken as a type.
The horse and mule live for forty years. (names of animals, plants, professions, scientific terms)
Generic reference is also indicated by the defin article used with substantivized adj and participle 2. it includes:
Words denotind sing non-personal abstract notions: best, evil, old, unknown, unreal.
Words denoting plural personal entities: French, free, aged, blind, rich.