II. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните «объектный инфинитивный оборот» и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. We made this reaction run at reduced pressure. 2. People know the properties of this particular machine to be exploited to the full. 3. It allows fine technological operations to be automated. 4. We know him to be a good turner. 5. Weakness in the metal causes engineers to reinforce it with artificial fibres.

III. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните «субъектный инфинитивный оборот» и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. He is said to have defended his thesis already. 2. The laser beam seems to have almost unlimited industrial possibilities. 3. This method is sure to be used in all experiments. 4. Lathes are known to be of different designs and sizes. 5. These metals are thought to have been used in this experiment. 6. This scientist proves to have worked out a new method of applying this device in medicine.

IV. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на «предложный инфинитивный оборот».

1. Nearly a month is required for the Moon to circle the Earth. 2. It is necessary for the investigator to apply all his knowledge to the exploration problem. 3. The temperature should be fantastically high for the fusion process to take place.

V. Определите функцию: a) Participle I; b) Participle II в каждом предложении. Переведите предложения, в скобках укажите функцию причастий.

A. 1. Iron, cobalt and nickel are the only metals possessing considerable magnetism at room temperature. 2. The plant that is producing complex machinery is enormously large. 3. When working at the university, the student combined research with a great deal of practical work.

B. 1. When heated, glass can be easily worked. 2. The data obtained should be rather precise. 3. 600,000 kilowatts a year will be generated by the new power plant.

VI. Переведите предложения с независимым (абсолютным) причастным оборотом.

1. Part of the energy being changed into heat, not all the chemical energy of the battery is transformed into electric energy. 2. All machines that have ever been built by man have some energy “loss”, this energy being converted into useless heat due to friction. 3. Average temperature between 200º and 250ºC having been maintained for several hours, a new artificial synthetic fibre was obtained. 4. Different molecules have different speeds, the average speed of all molecules remaining the same, as long as the temperature is constant.

VII. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст. Methods of steel heat treatment

Quenching is a heat treatment when metal at a high temperature is rapidly cooled by immersion in water or oil. Quenching makes steel harder and more brittle, with small grains structure. Tempering is a heat treatment applied to steel and certain alloys. Hardened steel after quenching from a high temperature is too hard and brittle for many appli­cations. Tempering, that is re-heating to an intermediate temperature and cooling slowly, re­duces this hardness and brittleness. Tempering tempera­tures depend on the composition of the steel but are fre­quently between 100 and 650 °C. Higher temperatures usually give a softer, tougher product. The color of the oxide film produced on the surface of the heated metal often serves as the indicator of its temperature. Annealing is a heat treatment in which a material at high temperature is cooled slowly. After cooling the metal again becomes malleable and ductile (capable of being bent many times without cracking). All these methods of steel heat treatment are used to obtain steels with certain mechanical properties for cer­tain needs.

NOTES: Quenching – закалка; to immerse — погружать; brittle – хрупкий, ломкий; tempering – отпуск после закалки, нормализация; to apply — применять; alloys – сплавы; intermediate — промежуточный; oxide film — оксидная пленка; annealing — отжиг, отпуск; cracking — растрескивание

Найдите в тексте следующие слова и выражения:

1. температура нормализации 2. состав стали 3. мелкозернистая структура 4. окисная пленка 5. быстро охлаждается 6. индикатор температуры 7. медленно охлаждается 8. закаленная сталь

Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What can be done to obtain harder steel? 2. What makes steel more soft and tough? 3. What makes steel more malleable and ductile? 4. What can serve as the indicator of metal temperature while heating it? 5. What temperature range is used for tempering? 6. What are the methods of steel heat treatment used for?