VI. Переведите предложения с независимым (абсолютным) причастным оборотом.

1. Steel being one of the strongest metals, we use it for products where great strength is required. 2. Alloying elements for making steel are nickel, chromium, manganese, nickel increasing strength and hardness of the steel. 3. Two objects having the same temperature, the average energy of motion of their molecules is the same. 4. There are different types of engines, all of them representing the means by which it is possible to utilize the tremendous amount of energy, stored in water, coal, oil, wood and other fuels.

VII. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст. Methods of steel heat treatment

Quenching is a heat treatment when metal at a high temperature is rapidly cooled by immersion in water or oil. Quenching makes steel harder and more brittle, with small grains structure. Tempering is a heat treatment applied to steel and certain alloys. Hardened steel after quenching from a high temperature is too hard and brittle for many appli­cations. Tempering, that is re-heating to an intermediate temperature and cooling slowly, re­duces this hardness and brittleness. Tempering tempera­tures depend on the composition of the steel but are fre­quently between 100 and 650 °C. Higher temperatures usually give a softer, tougher product. The color of the oxide film produced on the surface of the heated metal often serves as the indicator of its temperature. Annealing is a heat treatment in which a material at high temperature is cooled slowly. After cooling the metal again becomes malleable and ductile (capable of being bent many times without cracking). All these methods of steel heat treatment are used to obtain steels with certain mechanical properties for cer­tain needs.

NOTES: Quenching – закалка; to immerse — погружать; brittle – хрупкий, ломкий; tempering – отпуск после закалки, нормализация; to apply — применять; alloys – сплавы; intermediate — промежуточный; oxide film — оксидная пленка; annealing — отжиг, отпуск; cracking — растрескивание

Найдите в тексте следующие слова и выражения:

1. температура нормализации 2. состав стали 3. мелкозернистая структура 4. окисная пленка 5. быстро охлаждается 6. индикатор температуры 7. медленно охлаждается 8. закаленная сталь

Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What can be done to obtain harder steel? 2. What makes steel more soft and tough? 3. What makes steel more malleable and ductile? 4. What can serve as the indicator of metal temperature while heating it? 5. What temperature range is used for tempering? 6. What are the methods of steel heat treatment used for?

Вариант 2

I. Переведите предложения на русский язык, в скобках укажите функцию инфинитива в предложении.

1. I don’t know him well enough to ask him for help. 2. To study at the Institute is a pleasure. 3. To obtain a steel of the desired quality the research laboratory of the plant carried out a lot of experiments. 4. An auxiliary equipment to be used must withstand the vibration. 5. The aim of any research is to enlarge the possibilities offered by modern science. 6. I was told to come in time. 7. We can’t use these pieces of metals in the experiment. 8. He brought me a catalogue of diesel engines to read. 9. It is very important to continue our investigation. 10. To tell the truth, the resolution will be presented at the conference.