3. Principal types of word formation in Eng & Ukr.

Word formation – branch of linguistic science, which studies the patterns on which a language forms new lexical units.

2 principles of classification of the types of WF: 1) derivation – the type where the word has only 1 semantic centre (root) the other morphemes being the affixes (joyful, childhood); productive in Engl as well as compounding; 2)compounding – the type where the word has at least 2 sem centres (classroom, blacklist);

abbreviation –productive in En & Ukr; when a word can be shortened to a form which is linguistically convenient and need not to reflect the morphological structure of the full form:

1. clipping – shortening of a polysyllabic word by deleting 1 or more syllables (ad-advertisement, phone-telephone); 2. acronyms – word formed from the initial letters of the words that make up a name (nato). Are pronounced as a single word. May consist only of capitals or lose capitals & become everyday terms (USA, radar).

3. blending – words are formed only from the beginning of 1 word 7 the end ob another word. (smog–smoke+fog, хилитати–хилити+ колихати).

backformation – such type of wf where a derived form has proceeded the word from which it seems to be derived (work (later) – worker (at first); edit - editer);

reduplication – words are formed by doubling the stem (bye-bye / blah-blah [are identical in their form (reduplicative compounds proper)]; ping-pong / chit-chat [have dif root vowels (gradational compounds)]; willy-nilly [are joint to rhyme (rhyme compounds)]); not so produc;

conversion – the transference of a word from 1 part of speech into another (in Ukr: adj – noun / молода тополя-молода на весіллі; in En any part of speech may be converted: dog – to dog); nonse-formation – when the whole phrase/sentence denotes 1 object (stay-at-home, пліч-о-пл).

Affixation is a word-formative process in which words are creating by adding word-building affixes to the stems. It includes: prefixation (forming new words with the help of prefixes) & suffixation (forming new words with the help of suffixes). Affixes are classified into: native (-er, -ing, -ся, -ння), borrowed (anti-, -ism, анти-, ізм) , productive (-er, -able, -сть) , non-productive (-th, -hood, -як).

Compounds are words formed by combining 2 or more stems which function as a single word.

Rules of WF are at the intersection of the historical and synchronical study of the language. Rules provide a set of models from which new words arecreated. Affixes or compounding can become productive or lose their productivity.

4. Types of compounds. Analysis in terms of syntactic structures

Composite sentences with coordinated clauses are compound sentences, e.g.: She is a very faithful creature and I trust her. There are several types of the compound sentence depending on the meaning of the conjunction in English and in Ukrainian: copulative (єднальні), disjunctive (розділові), adversative (протиставні).

The copulative compound sentence.In the English language the copulative sentences are joined by conjunctions and, neither ... nor, now ... now, not ... but. In Ukrainian the typical conjunctions in this type of the sentence are: i (й), та, та й, i ...і..,ані...ані.., ні…ні.. and others. The main shades of meaning of the Ukrainian conjunction i and the English and coincide. They render first of all the following meanings: the adjoining meaning (приєднувальне значення), the meaning of recounting (перелічувальне значення), the meaning of consequence (наслідкове значення). The copulative-negative meaning (єднально-заперечний зв'язок) is formed in the English language with the help of negative conjunctions neither, nor, not only ... but; in Ukrainian - ні ...,ні ...; aнi...,aні ...; не тільки ..., а (але) i (и). (She would not put him off; nor would she make a scene in public)

The disjunctive compound sentence. The disjunctive compound sentences are joined in Eng with the help of the conjunctions or, either ... or, and in Ukr - або; або ...або; чи; чи ...чи; то ...то; не то ...не то; чи то ... чи то and others. In Ukr the number of disjunctive conjunctions is a bigger one than in En, but the most spread of them are the conjunctions або and чи.( Раптом хурчав автомобілъний мотор, або сурмив клаксон.) The double conjunctions або ...або; чи ...чи; то ...то; не то ... не то; чи то ... чи то denote the separation in the facts alternation (To ми до них ходили, то вони до нас.). The conjunction не то ... не то renders simultaneously doubt or hesitation: (He то ocіннi води шуміли, збігаючи в Дунай, не то вimep бився в заломах провалля)

The adversative compound sentence. This type of sentence connection is rendered with the help of conjunctions а, але, та (але), так, зате, проте, однак, все ж and others in Ukr; but, while, whereas, or as well as with the help of connective adverbs (сполучні прислівники) yet, still, nevertheless, however, otherwise in Eng. The main expression of such relations between sentences is performed in En by the conjunction but. In Ukr але. Both these conjunctions are used in the following main meanings:The limiting meaning (обмежувальне значення)-( Biн міг би залишитися, але йому не вистачало мужності), The concessive meaning (допустове значення)- (Twilight gave place to night, but he didn't turn on the light.).The relative meaning (відносне значення)-(Some people likened him to a direction post ..., but these were his enemies.) In Ukr besides але there is also widely used the adversative conjunction a. It has more shades of meaning than the conjunction але :contrasting (протиставлення); sequence of events (послідовність події); separate fulfilling of events; conclusion(висновок).

The causative-consecutive compound sentences The causative and consecutive connection in compound sentences is rendered in Ukr with the help of the conjunctions і, a and in Eng - so (that), for, and the connective adverb therefore. At such a connection the second sentence expresses explanation, conclusion or consequence of the idea expressed in the first part of the compound sentence. The consecutive connection is rendered in Eng with the help of the conjunction so (less often therefore), in Ukr - with the help of the conjunction a (She hasn 't much strength in her, so I easily kept her quiet).The causative connection in the compound sentence is rendered with the help of the Eng conjunction for and the Ukr conjunction i

Compound sentences with the meaning of suddenness. They are formed most often with the help of the conjunctions аж, коли, як and are used in the emotionally coloured speech. Such sentences usually render the action and it’s sudden character. (Ой niшлa я у яр за водою, аж там милий гуляє з другою) Widely spread in modern Ukr is a subtype of such sentences, where in the first part the verbs of physical perception are used (дивитися, глянути, бачити, слухати, чути and others), and the second part starts with the conjunctions аж, коли (Дивлюсь - аж он передо мною неначе дива виринаютъ