1.Methods of lexicological studies. Contrastive analysis.

1.) distributional analysis – is based upon the study of all possible environments of a linguistic unit. The distribution of an element is the sum of all environmens in which it occurs reletive to the positions of other elements. The meaning of the word varies with the context. Distributional analysis is most helpful for the analysis of the morphemic structure of words, the combinability of the morphemes.

2.) transformational analysis - repartening of various distributional structures in order to discover difference or simultaneousness of meaning of particular distributional structure. The rules of transform. anal. are rather strict. There are many restriction both on syntactic and lexical levels. These are:

- permutation – the repattering provided that the basic subordinate relationship between words and word-stems of the lex. units are not change: ‘His work is excelent’ may be transformed into ‘his excelent work’ or ‘the excellence of his work’

- replacement – the substitution of a component of the distributional structre by a member of a certain strictly defined set of lex. units. Replacement of a notional verb by an auxiliary or link verb(he will make a bad mistake & he wiil make a god teacheer).

- delition – a procedure which shows wheather one of the words is semantically subordinated to the other. [the word-group ‘red flowers’ may be transformed into ‘flowers’ without making the it senseless]

compotential analysis - aims at revealing and organising the semantic components of the words. It is used for various purposes:

- a detailed comparison of meaning;

- providing a more adequate basis for translation equivalences;

- the judjing of semantic combinability as an important feature of style;

In this analysis we proceed from the assumption that the smallest unit of meaning are semes.

Statistical analysis : Statistics describes how things are on the average. Statistic approach is most helpful when we have large masses ofdata to analyse. A single observation may not be reliable? whereas a correctly executed statistical study shows tends, the most typical properties and correlations.

contrastive analysis The contrastive analysis is applied to reveal the features of sameness and difference in lexical meanings and semantic structures of correlated words in different languages. The contrastive analysis can be canted out at three linguistic levels: phonology, grammar (morphology and syntax) and lexis (vocabulary).

2. Morphological structure of English and Ukrainian words. Types of morphemes. Ic analysis.

Each of the two parts of the word books has both form and content. Such meaningful parts of a word are called morphemes. The morphemes book- and -s differ essentially:

1) In their relations to reality and thought. Book- is directly associated with some object of reality, even if it does not name it as the word book does (compare bookish). The morpheme –s is connected with the world of reality only indirectly.

2) In their relations to the word which they are part of. Book- is more independent than -s. Book- makes a word book with a zero morpheme, with the meaning of “singular number”, added, whereas -s cannot make a word with a zero morpheme. It always depends on some other morpheme.

The grammatical morpheme -s is a bound morpheme: it is rigidly connected with the lexical morpheme. The grammatical morpheme shall is a free morpheme or a word-morpheme.

Units like invites, with bound grammatical morphemes, are called synthetic words. They are words both in form and in content. Units like shall invite, with free grammatical morphemes, or grammatical word-morphemes, are called analytical words.

De-, for-, -er, -less are bound morphemes. English also possesses free lexico-grammatical morphemes, or lexico-grammatical wordmorphemes. The lexical morpheme is regarded as the root of the word, all the other bound morphemes as affixes: prefixes, suffixes and infixes.

Words without their grammatical morphemes (mostly suffixes, often called endings or inflections) are known as stems. stems are usually distinguished:

1. Simple (прості основи), containing only the root, as in day, dogs, write, wanted, etc.

2. Derivative (похідні основи), containing affixes or other stembuilding elements, as in boyhood, rewrite, strength, etc.

3. Compound (складні основи), containing two or more roots, as in white-wash, pickpocket, appletree, motor-car, brother-in-law, etc.

4. Composite (складені основи), containing free lexico-grammatical word-morphemes or otherwise having the form of a combination of words, as in give up, two hundred and twenty five, at last, in spite of, etc.

Ic- Immediate constituent analysis