- •1.The sentence. The structural classification. The simple sentence.
- •2.Communicative types of sentences
- •4. Negation
- •3.Modality.Oblique moods in simple sentences.
- •6. Subjects “It” and “There”.
- •7.The noun. Semantic classification.
- •8. The category of number. Irregular plurals.
- •9. The category of number.Singular and plural invariable nouns.
- •10. Agreement of the predicate with the simple subject. Pronouns as subjects.
- •11. Agreement of the predicate with phrasal and homogeneous subjects.
- •12. The case of noun. The use of the genitive case.
- •13. The use of the indefinite and definite articles with countable nouns.
- •14. The use of articles with material nouns.
- •15. The use of articles with abstract nouns .
- •16. The use of articles with names of persons.
- •17. The use of articles with place names.
- •18. The use of articles with nouns in some syntactic function
- •19. Prepositive noun modifiers. Ways of expressing.
- •20. Postpositive noun modifiers. Ways of expression.
- •21. Verb complementation. Intransitive Verbs and Monotransitive
- •22. Verb Complementation. Complex-transitive and delexical
- •23. The predicate. Ditransitive and copular verbs.
- •24. The Object and Complement. Ways of expressing. Types of objects and complements.
- •25. Predicative complexes that function as objects only
- •26. Adverbials. Ways of expressing. Types and Semantic classes.
- •27. Adjective and adverb modifying
- •28. Predicative complexes that function as adverbials only
- •29. Predicative complexes which can be any part of the sentence
- •5) Adverbial modifier
- •30. The compound sentence. Semantic relations between coordinate clauses.
- •31. Complex sentences with nominal clauses.
- •32. Complex sentences with attributive clauses.
- •33.Oblique moods in nominal and appositive clauses.
- •34. Complex sentences with adverbial clauses
- •35. Oblique moods in adverbial clauses.
- •36. Subjunctive II
- •37. The conditional mood
- •38. The suppositional mood and subjunctive I
- •39. Word order. Emphasis. Inversion.
- •40. Making Texts. Cohesion. Discourse.
- •1. The sentence. The structural classification. The simple sentence.
13. The use of the indefinite and definite articles with countable nouns.
The Article is a form word which is one of the main means of conveying the idea of definiteness and indefiniteness and establishing the reference of the noun (specific or generic)
The main functions of the indefinite article are classifying, generic, numerical.
1.In classifying function the indef. article shows that the speaker is characterizing a person, object or event only as a specimen of a certain class of things of the same kind. I am a student. Somewhere a telephone began to read.
2.In the generic function the indef article implies that the object denoted by the noun is spoken of as a representative of the class, and therefore what is said about one specimen of a class can be applied to all the specimen of the class. The meaning of the article with sing nouns here is close to every/any.
3. In its numerical function the indefinite article always implies the idea of ‘oneness’. The numerical meaning is generally found: with nouns denoting time, measure, weight. We stared intently at her for a minute or two. With the numerals hundred, thousand. After the negative not: not a word was spoken in the parlour. in some set phrases, like at a gulp, at a time. Between two noun groups in expressions denoting prices, salaries, speeds.
The definite article in its specifying function serves to single out an object from all other objects of the same kind. The specification is carried out by means of the situation, the preceding context, the meaning of the noun, restrictive attribute.
Situation specification occurs when the speaker is referring to some objects or person he assumes the hearer can identify in the environment they share.
An object or a group of objects may be specified by the reference to the preceding context. This use with the definite article is called anaphoric.
The definite article can also indicate unique reference/ the sun, the planets, the weather, the devil, the pope, the north pole, the solar system
Specification can be carried out by various kinds of limiting (restrictive modifier) attributes, in pre- and postposition to the noun phrase.
Prepositive limiting modifiers.
Adjectives in the superlative degree. The general rule is that a noun modified by an adj in the superlative degree is used with the definite article.
Ordinal numerals. The general rule is that a noun modified by an ordinal numeral is used with the definite article.(the first, the second…)
Limiting adjectives and same
Limiting adj and the identifying pronoun same also particularize the reference of the noun:
Attributive proper nouns
Proper nouns in the common case may be used as prepositive attributes to class nouns, such noun phrases are used with definite article: The Pushkin Theatre.
Nominal modifiers
Concrete count nouns in the common case can serve prepositional attributes and the word modified is used with the defin article: the colour red, the number seven.
POSTPOSITIVE limiting modifiers.
Prepositional of-phrase.
Often prepositional of-phrase do not have any limiting meaning. They are used with the indef article and denote:
Quality: a book of interest, a man of courage, Quantity: a distance of 3 miles, a boy of five ,Content, composition, material: a cup of tea, a group of children
(a devil of a boy, a wild cat of a woman)
2. Attributive restrictive clause (give additional information)