35. Oblique moods in adverbial clauses.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

Subjunctive II is used:

1. In adverbial clauses of comparison or manner introduced by the conjunctions as if, as though: His voice broke as if he were going to cry. (simultaneous action) He speaks as if he had never seen me before, (prior action)

2. In adverbial clauses of unreal condition or concession (after the conjunction even if, even though). The principal clause contains a form of the Conditional Mood: I shouldn't take this line if I were you. (present action) Even if they had wanted me to stay I should have refused. (past action)

Clauses of unreal condition may be introduced asyndetically. In this case inversion serves as a means of subordination: Were it all true, it would still not excuse their actions. Had she not worn an apron, I would not have known how to address her.

3.Condition: Suppositional mood (reference to the future)”

If it should be wet,… (случись так, что)

4. In adverbial clauses of purpose introduced by the conjunctions so that, lest (literary' style) the non-perfect Suppositional Mood is used or, rarely, Subjunctive I: Mary lowered her eyes so that he should not see the faint dream of amusement in them.

5. In adverbial clauses of concession introduced by though, although, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever, etc., the non-perfect Suppositional Mood or Subjunctive I may be used with

reference to the present or future: Though he should make every effort he cannot succeed.

More usual, however, are the modal phrases may (might) •f infinitive: Whoever he may be, he has no right to be rude. Though he might have been suspicious, he gave no sign. In the adverbial clauses of condition referring to the future the Suppositional Mood is used to show that the action is possible, though unlikely. Such clauses may be rendered into Russian as случилось так, что…, если случайно;

In the principal clause the Conditional Mood, the Future Indicative or the Imperative Mood may be used:

If it should be wet they would stay at home. If you should find another way out, will you inform me?

In a literary style conditional clauses of this type are sometimes joined to the principal clause asyndetically, by means of inversion:

Should a conflict ever flare up in Europe, it would immediately blow up into a world war.

36. Subjunctive II

Forms: Subjunctive II has two basic forms: non-perfect Subjunctive II is synthetical and is homonymous with the Past Indicative: spoke, went, built, wrote, did, etc. The only exception is the verb to be whose Subjunctive II form is were for all persons: I/she/he/it were. Perfect Subjunctive II is homonymous with the Past Perfect Indicative for all verbs: had been, had done, had gone, had written, etc.

Meaning: Subjunctive II represents an action as contrary to reality.

Use: Subjunctive II is used in simple sentences and in certain subordinate clauses of a complex sentence.

SIMPLE SENTENCE

1. Subjunctive II is used in exclamatory sentences beginning with 'Oh, that ...', 'If only ...' Such sentences express wish or regret and are characteristic of literary style.

2. Subjunctive II is found in simple sentences with modal verbs. In the sentences referring to the present or future the modal verb in Subjunctive II is followed by a non-perfect infinitive, in the sentences referring to the past — by a perfect one.

3. Subjunctive II is also found in simple sentences containing the modal phraseological expressions had better, had best, would rather, would sooner. Such sentences express preference or advice.

COMPLEX SENTENCE Subjunctive II us used in nominal and adverbial clauses.

NOMINAL CLAUSES

1. In attributive clauses after the expressions It is time, It is high time, It is about time.

2. In predicative clauses introduced by the conjunctions as if, as though. The predicative clauses with Subjunctive II

3. In object clauses after the verb to wish and the modal phrase would rather:

4. In indirect questions introduced by if or whether after the expression of doubt.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES Subjunctive II is used:

1. In adverbial clauses of comparison or manner introduced by the conjunctions as if, as though.

2. In adverbial clauses of unreal condition or concession. The principal clause contains a form of the Conditional Mood.