32. Complex sentences with attributive clauses.

Attributive/relative clauses function as modifiers to a word of nominal character, which is generally called the antecedent. An attributive/relative clause may be introduced by connectives — relative pronouns (who, whose, whom, what, which, that, as) or relative adverbs {when, where, whence, wherein). The choice of the relative word depends on the antecedent.

NOTE: the difference between appositive and relative clauses beginning with that. In appositive clauses, which are used after abstract nouns such as fact, idea, etc., that is only a conjunction. In relative clauses that is a relative pronoun, it can be replaced by which and it acts as the subject or object of the clause.

If the antecedent is expressed by everything, something, anything or nothing the relative pronoun that is generally used or else the clause is joined asyndetically?

If the antecedent is modified by the adjectives only, same, the pronoun any or by an adjective in the superlative degree, the attributive clause is introduced by the pronoun that or is joined asyndetically. Last night was the only time (that) I kissed your sister.

If the antecedent is modified by the demonstrative pronoun such ,the relative pronoun as is used.

Attributive clauses Joined by the relative adverbs when, where, whence refer to antecedents denoting time or place.

Prepositions can come either before relative pronouns or at the end of the relative clause.

TYPES OF ATTRIBUTIVE/RELATIVE CLAUSES The two major types of relative clauses are restrictive/ defining relative clauses and non-restrictive/ non-defining relative clauses.

Restrictive/defining clauses identify more closely what the noun refers to. Restrictive relative clauses can be used after indefinite pronouns such as someone, anyone, everything.

Non-defining relative clauses give further information which is not needed to identify the person, thing or group you are talking about. Non-defining relative clauses are usually separated by commas or dashes. These clauses are used mainly in writing rather than in speech.

Relative clauses after names and nouns modified by possessive and demonstrative pronouns are normally non-defining. My car, which I bought only last year, needs repairing.

In non-restrictive relative clauses the relative pronoun is always a word beginning with, wh: who, whom, whose, which. That cannot be used.

Restrictive clauses have those relative Wh-words, but in addition they may be introduced by that or nothing.

A non-restrictive clause may refer back not to a noun but to a larger unit, a clause, a sentence or a series of sentences.

33.Oblique moods in nominal and appositive clauses.

NOMINAL CLAUSES

Subjunctive II is used:

1.In object clauses after the verb to wish and the modal phrase would rather:

I wish we were both about ten years older than we are. I'd rather you cried here with us than all by yourself in there.

Sentences with wish-clauses express regret. When rendering them into Russian it is possible to use a clause with the opposite meaning, introduced by жаль, как жаль какая жалость by the finite form of the verb сожалеть.

With reference to the future, after the verb to wish a combination of the modal verb would in Subjunctive II and the infinitive is often used in the sense of insistence, habit or willingness: I wish you wouldn't sing in the bath.

Would + Infinitive is possible only when the subject of the subordinate clause and that of the principal clause do not denote the same thing or person. The whole sentence expresses a kind of request. Would +Infinitive shows that the fulfillment of the wish depends on the will of the person denoted by the subject of the subordinate clause: + not a state but action! I wish you would treat me better.

If the fulfillment of the wish depends more on the circumstances, may /might or could + Infinitive is preferable:

I wish I could help you. I only wish I might be with you.

2. In indirect questions introduced by if or whether after the expression of doubt: Wondering if he were sick, I went over to find out. I doubted if it were possible.

Subjunctive I and Suppositional Mood: In subject, object, predicative, attributive appositive clauses if in the principle clause a modal meaning is expressed.

ONLY Suppositional mood in nominal and attributive appositive clauses if in the main clause a personal reaction to events is expressed:

The Suppositional Mood is used in nominative and attributive appositive clauses after the expression of fear: