- •1.The sentence. The structural classification. The simple sentence.
- •2.Communicative types of sentences
- •4. Negation
- •3.Modality.Oblique moods in simple sentences.
- •6. Subjects “It” and “There”.
- •7.The noun. Semantic classification.
- •8. The category of number. Irregular plurals.
- •9. The category of number.Singular and plural invariable nouns.
- •10. Agreement of the predicate with the simple subject. Pronouns as subjects.
- •11. Agreement of the predicate with phrasal and homogeneous subjects.
- •12. The case of noun. The use of the genitive case.
- •13. The use of the indefinite and definite articles with countable nouns.
- •14. The use of articles with material nouns.
- •15. The use of articles with abstract nouns .
- •16. The use of articles with names of persons.
- •17. The use of articles with place names.
- •18. The use of articles with nouns in some syntactic function
- •19. Prepositive noun modifiers. Ways of expressing.
- •20. Postpositive noun modifiers. Ways of expression.
- •21. Verb complementation. Intransitive Verbs and Monotransitive
- •22. Verb Complementation. Complex-transitive and delexical
- •23. The predicate. Ditransitive and copular verbs.
- •24. The Object and Complement. Ways of expressing. Types of objects and complements.
- •25. Predicative complexes that function as objects only
- •26. Adverbials. Ways of expressing. Types and Semantic classes.
- •27. Adjective and adverb modifying
- •28. Predicative complexes that function as adverbials only
- •29. Predicative complexes which can be any part of the sentence
- •5) Adverbial modifier
- •30. The compound sentence. Semantic relations between coordinate clauses.
- •31. Complex sentences with nominal clauses.
- •32. Complex sentences with attributive clauses.
- •33.Oblique moods in nominal and appositive clauses.
- •34. Complex sentences with adverbial clauses
- •35. Oblique moods in adverbial clauses.
- •36. Subjunctive II
- •37. The conditional mood
- •38. The suppositional mood and subjunctive I
- •39. Word order. Emphasis. Inversion.
- •40. Making Texts. Cohesion. Discourse.
- •1. The sentence. The structural classification. The simple sentence.
31. Complex sentences with nominal clauses.
All nominal clauses have a function similar to that of a noun or a nominal phrase. They are very closely connected with the main clause, and if such a clause is removed, both the structure and meaning of the sentence are changed or become ungrammatical. Because of the close relationships between the clauses the complex sentence is pronounced as a whole on, and the subordinate clause is not separated by a comma.
1. A subject clause functions as subject of the main clause which has no subject of its own. It can be introduced by conjunctions (that, if, whether, because, the way, whether … or), conjunctive pronouns (who, whoever, what, whatever, which) or conjunctive adverbs (where, wherever, when, whenever, how, why).
2. A predicative / complement clause functions as predicative/subject complement to the link/copular verb within the main clause. It may be introduced by conjunctions (that, whether, whether …or, as, as if, as though, because, lest, the way), conjunctive pronouns (who, whoever, what, whatever, which), conjunctive adverbs (where, wherever, when, whenever, how, why.) NOTE: that the predicative clause introduced by the conjunctions as, as if, as though shouldn’t be confused with adverbial clauses of comparison introduced by the same conjunctions. A predicative clause immediately follows the link/copular verb (be, feel, look, seem, appear, sound, taste etc.) which doesn’t express complete predication without the clause.
3. An object clause refers to verbs in different forms and functions, to adjectives, statives and occasionally to nouns. It may be introduced by conjunctions (that, if, whether, whether..or, lest), conjunctive pronouns (who, whoever, what, whatever, which), conjunctive adverbs (where, wherever, when, whenever, how, why.) He left wondering what had really happened.
Like objects in a simple sentence, object clauses may vary in their relation to the principle clause and in the way they are attached to the word they refer to or depend on.
An object clause may directly follow the word it refers to. In this case it’s parallel in function to a direct object.
There are also cases when an object clause functions like a cognate object to a verb.
An object clause may be joined to the main clause by the prepositions about, after, before, beyond, except, for, of etc. in this case it’s parallel in function to a prepositional object.
4. An appositive clause refers to a noun either with a very general meaning or requiring additional information. To these nouns belong thing, reason, point, moral, comment, remark, idea, fact, feature etc. the clause may be introduced by conjunctions (that, if, whether, as if, as though), conjunctive pronouns , conjunctive adverbs (how, why.) it’s not separated by a comma and cannot be joined asyndetically.