- •1.The sentence. The structural classification. The simple sentence.
- •2.Communicative types of sentences
- •4. Negation
- •3.Modality.Oblique moods in simple sentences.
- •6. Subjects “It” and “There”.
- •7.The noun. Semantic classification.
- •8. The category of number. Irregular plurals.
- •9. The category of number.Singular and plural invariable nouns.
- •10. Agreement of the predicate with the simple subject. Pronouns as subjects.
- •11. Agreement of the predicate with phrasal and homogeneous subjects.
- •12. The case of noun. The use of the genitive case.
- •13. The use of the indefinite and definite articles with countable nouns.
- •14. The use of articles with material nouns.
- •15. The use of articles with abstract nouns .
- •16. The use of articles with names of persons.
- •17. The use of articles with place names.
- •18. The use of articles with nouns in some syntactic function
- •19. Prepositive noun modifiers. Ways of expressing.
- •20. Postpositive noun modifiers. Ways of expression.
- •21. Verb complementation. Intransitive Verbs and Monotransitive
- •22. Verb Complementation. Complex-transitive and delexical
- •23. The predicate. Ditransitive and copular verbs.
- •24. The Object and Complement. Ways of expressing. Types of objects and complements.
- •25. Predicative complexes that function as objects only
- •26. Adverbials. Ways of expressing. Types and Semantic classes.
- •27. Adjective and adverb modifying
- •28. Predicative complexes that function as adverbials only
- •29. Predicative complexes which can be any part of the sentence
- •5) Adverbial modifier
- •30. The compound sentence. Semantic relations between coordinate clauses.
- •31. Complex sentences with nominal clauses.
- •32. Complex sentences with attributive clauses.
- •33.Oblique moods in nominal and appositive clauses.
- •34. Complex sentences with adverbial clauses
- •35. Oblique moods in adverbial clauses.
- •36. Subjunctive II
- •37. The conditional mood
- •38. The suppositional mood and subjunctive I
- •39. Word order. Emphasis. Inversion.
- •40. Making Texts. Cohesion. Discourse.
- •1. The sentence. The structural classification. The simple sentence.
29. Predicative complexes which can be any part of the sentence
The For-to-Infinitive Constructions is a predicative constr. in which the nominal part is introduced by the preposition FOR, while the predicate part is an infinitive with the particle TO. The construction functions as:
1) Subject- it usually follows introductory IT and is very seldom placed before the predicate (It was practically impossible for them to meet anybody)
2) Predicative- the usual link-verb is TO BE (That is not for me to decide)
3) Object- the construction can be used as an indirect non-recipient object of certain verbs (to ask,to watch) and adjectives (anxious,eager,impatient,sorry,willing) - I watched for him to appear through the bushes
4) Attribute- it modifies nouns or indefinite and universal pronouns (She gave orders for everyone to stop packing)
5) Adverbial modifier
a) of purpose ( I rang for you to show the lady out)
b) of consequence (The chance was too good for Jack to miss it)
The Gerundial Predicative Construction is a predicative constr. is a predicative complex in which the nominal part is generally a noun/noun-pronoun in the possessive case or a possessive pronoun in the common case or a personal pronoun in the objective case. The construction may be:
1) Subject- is used either with or without introductory IT (Your doing nothing won't help anybody)
2) Predicative- (The only way out will be his taking the job)
3) Object- the construction may be either direct object to a verb or an indirect non-recipient object to a verb or adjective (She liked his worrying about his wife)
4) Attribute- is generally used with the preposition OF, although other prepositions are possible (The prospect of smo else getting a job moved them to strong moral indignation)
5) Adv.modifier- is always introduced by a prepositions:
a) of time(After his being away for some time the crisis came)
b) of attendant circumstances ( The car slid away without my having to say anything)
c) of concession ( In spite of its being cold the bushes swarmed with insects)
30. The compound sentence. Semantic relations between coordinate clauses.
A compound sentence consists of two or more clauses of equal rank which form one syntactic whole in meaning and intonation. Such clauses are called coordinate. They are regarded as independent, for there is no hierarchy in the syntactic relationship between them. Coordination can be asyndetic (with no special connector) or syndetic — expressed by special coordinators (coordinating conjunctions or conjunctive adverbs/conjuncts).
In writing, asyndetically joined coordinate clauses are separated by a semicolon (;), a colon (:) or a dash (—). The semicolon is perhaps most frequently used.
There are four logical types of coordination: copulative, disjunctive, adversative and causative-consecutive.
1) COPULATIVE COORDINATION (simultaneous actions) The clauses are simply linked together to express two or more related facts by means of the following coordinators: and, (and) neither, neither ...nor [rare], nor, not only ...but (also), also, even, besides, furthermore [formal], moreover , likewise, either, too, indeed, plus, etc
2) DISJUNCTIVE COORDINATION (choice) Compound sentences with disjunctive coordination express. an alternative, which is achieved with the help of the following coordinators: or, or else, either...or, otherwise. Disjunctive sentences can be used to give advice, a warning or an order. Such sentences consist of an imperative clause and a clause opening with or/otherwise and containing a verb in the future tense.
3) ADVERSATIVE COORDINATION (contrast) In compound sentences with adversative coordination the statements expressed by the clauses are contrasted in meaning. This is achieved with the help of the following coordinators: but, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, and/but, yet, whereas, while, whilst, only.
4) CAUSATIVE-CONSECUTIVE COORDINATION (1- cause, 2- reason) Compound sentences with causative-consecutive coordination express the idea of cause and consequence. This is done with the help of the following coordinators: for, hence, consequently, then, therefore, thus, accordingly, so.
All causative-consecutive coordinators, with the exception of for, can be preceded by and. In fact, the conjunction for is a borderline case between coordinators and subordinators. Sometimes it is roughly interchangeable with because, although the use of for in place of because is regarded as dated. Generally speaking, for gives a reason for something that is taken for granted, e.g.: We rarely stay at hotels, for we can't afford it.
If the coordinator is but, so or yet, it is usual to repeat the subject: I try to see it their way, but I can't. When you link clauses which have different subjects but which have some common elements, you do not need to repeat all the elements in the second clause. For example, instead of saying 'Some of them went to one pub and some of them went to the other pub9, you can say This device of simplification, which allows us to subtract words from the complete clause structure, is called ellipsis.