- •1.The sentence. The structural classification. The simple sentence.
- •2.Communicative types of sentences
- •4. Negation
- •3.Modality.Oblique moods in simple sentences.
- •6. Subjects “It” and “There”.
- •7.The noun. Semantic classification.
- •8. The category of number. Irregular plurals.
- •9. The category of number.Singular and plural invariable nouns.
- •10. Agreement of the predicate with the simple subject. Pronouns as subjects.
- •11. Agreement of the predicate with phrasal and homogeneous subjects.
- •12. The case of noun. The use of the genitive case.
- •13. The use of the indefinite and definite articles with countable nouns.
- •14. The use of articles with material nouns.
- •15. The use of articles with abstract nouns .
- •16. The use of articles with names of persons.
- •17. The use of articles with place names.
- •18. The use of articles with nouns in some syntactic function
- •19. Prepositive noun modifiers. Ways of expressing.
- •20. Postpositive noun modifiers. Ways of expression.
- •21. Verb complementation. Intransitive Verbs and Monotransitive
- •22. Verb Complementation. Complex-transitive and delexical
- •23. The predicate. Ditransitive and copular verbs.
- •24. The Object and Complement. Ways of expressing. Types of objects and complements.
- •25. Predicative complexes that function as objects only
- •26. Adverbials. Ways of expressing. Types and Semantic classes.
- •27. Adjective and adverb modifying
- •28. Predicative complexes that function as adverbials only
- •29. Predicative complexes which can be any part of the sentence
- •5) Adverbial modifier
- •30. The compound sentence. Semantic relations between coordinate clauses.
- •31. Complex sentences with nominal clauses.
- •32. Complex sentences with attributive clauses.
- •33.Oblique moods in nominal and appositive clauses.
- •34. Complex sentences with adverbial clauses
- •35. Oblique moods in adverbial clauses.
- •36. Subjunctive II
- •37. The conditional mood
- •38. The suppositional mood and subjunctive I
- •39. Word order. Emphasis. Inversion.
- •40. Making Texts. Cohesion. Discourse.
- •1. The sentence. The structural classification. The simple sentence.
27. Adjective and adverb modifying
Adverbials of degree are the most common type of adverb, modifiers of phrases. Adjectives and adverbs can be qualified by adding an adverb as an. intensifier or as a downtoner.
Intensifiers either convey emphasis or denote a high degree of quality. The commonest of them is very but there is a wide choice of intensifiers, both formal and informal. Some of them indicate the highest degree of intensification: absolutely, totally, utterly, quite, completely, very, extremely, really, much, a great deal, a lot. Others just slightly intensify the meaning of the adjective: quite, somewhat, jolly, pretty, rather, etc.
Downtoners, like fairly, a bit, a little bit, a little, slightly, rather, somewhat, etc., suggest an incomplete or low degree of quality, decrease the effect of the word they modify and are used with adjectives and adverbs in the Positive or Comparative degree. He is rather clever. She seems somewhat more excited than she was yesterday.
The choice of an intensifier is linked to the context and the meaning of the adjective. In this respect adjectives fall into two broad groups: ungradable adjectives like wonderful, perfect, delightful, tiny, sure, enormous, certain, dismayed, minute, petrified, etc. They cannot be used with very, as they already mean very. Nor can they be used in a comparative sense. Sometimes they are called 'absolute' due to their meaning. gradable adjectives like bad, warm, easy, big, lucky, disappointed, pleasant, frightened, shy, etc. These are not used with '100%' intensifiers such as absolutely, totally, etc. They may be called 'non-absolute'. Different intensifiers tend to be used with different degrees of comparison. They usually precede the adjective they modify, still there are a few cases when they follow the adjective 1. with the Positive degree 2. with the Comparative degree 3.with the Superlative degree.
IDIOMATIC INTENSIFIERS
There are a number of intensifiers specific to a particular adjective. These are known as common collocations.
28. Predicative complexes that function as adverbials only
Predicative complexes that function only as adverbial modifiers are usually called absolute constructions where 'absolute' means independent. They were given this name because their first (nominal) part is a noun or a pronoun which is not subordinated to any other word in the sentence and can function as a part of the sentence only with the second, predicate component of the construction. This can be seen when we compare an absolute construction with any other predicative complex, for instance with an objective one.
1) Constructions with verbals as their second part. When these constructions are transformed into clauses they retain their predicate part, which then takes a proper tense-aspect form.
2) Constructions with non-verbals: an adjective, a stative, an adverb or a noun(with a preposition) as their second part.When these are transformed into clauses, a proper form of the link verb to be must be introduced. as these constructions lack a verbal component of their own. Thus clauses resulting from the transformation of constructions of this type always have a compound nominal predicate. Absolute constructions may have two forms: non-prepositional and prepositional.
The Absolute Nominative with Participle I Construction is the most frequently used. The position of the construction varies: it may either open the sentence or close it. The absolute nominative with participle I construction is generally used as an adverbial of reason or of attendant circumstances, although sometimes it is an adverbial of time. The absolute nominative with participle I construction in the function of any adverbial may be developed into a clause, the type of clause depending on the meaning of the adverbial, The construction should be translated into Russian by means of different clauses: 1) of reason (The weather being unusually mild at that time for the season of the year, there was no sleighing -As the weather was... ) 2) of attendant circumstances. In this case the construction usually comes at the end of the sentence (With a yell, he sprang back, a sweat coming on his skin —> ...and a sweat came... 3) of time (The car having stopped, the boys jumped out onto the grass - When the car stopped... 4) of condition (Circumstances permitting, they will be through with it by the end of May - If circumstances permit.
Prepositional Absolute Construction Begin with the preposition WITH or, sometimes WIYHOUT. There are prepositional absolute constructions with participle I or II, with an infinitive, with an adjective, with a stative, with an adverb, or with a prepositional noun. All function mainly as adverbials of attendant circumstances although sometimes they may be other adverbials. All of them can be transformed into clauses. I. The prepositional absolute construction with Part. I (With his head aching from the slap of the bullet and the blood dripping over the ear, he went over to the Frenchman - He went over to the Frenchman, his head was aching... and the blood was dripping...)
II. The prepositional absolute construction with participle II (A Negro boy lay on the pavement, with his throat cut- ...and his throat was cut) III. The prepositional absolute construction with the infinitive (You'll lose the last minutes, without someone to take care of you - ...if nobody takes care of you) This construction is very seldom used.
IV. Prepositional absolute constructions with non-verbals. 1. The prepositional absolute construction with the adjective (She hurriedly left the room with her eyes red - ...and her eyes were red) 2. The prepositional absolute construction with the stative (He stood there trembling, with his face ablaze - ...and his face was ablaze) 3. The prepositional absolute construction with the adverb (He turned away, with his hand still up - ...and his hand was still up) 4. The prepositional absolute construction with a noun.