16. The use of articles with names of persons.

ZERO 1. Normally, a personal name, being the name of someone imagined as unique, needs no determiner:

Anthony shrugged his shoulders. Philip Lombard grinned.

2. Family relations with unique reference (Mother, Mummy, Mom, Father, Daddy, Dad, Uncle, Aunt) behave like proper nouns. They are treated as such by the members of the family and are usually written with the capital letter:

3. If the premodifying noun denotes a job, nationality or belief, it may be used with the definite article or no article (especially in American English): •

THE The definite articles is used:

1. With a family name in the plural denoting the whole family: The Fosters were resentful of something, not individually, but as a family.

1. when names of persons are modified by a particularizing attribute : This Pat wasn't at all like the Pat of his memories..

• When names of persons are modified by descriptive attributes indicating a permanent quality of the person in question: At that moment they were interrupted by the gentle Mrs.

2. When the speaker wishes to emphasize that the person named is the very one that everybody knows:

You say Shakespeare lived here. Do you mean the Shakespeare or somebody else? (the definite article here is

strongly stressed and pronounced f6i:J)

A The indefinite article is used:

• To indicate that one member of the family is meant: His mother was a Devereux: Lady Margaret Devereux.

• To indicate a certain person, normally unknown to the hearer: At a table in a corner the Colonel was introduced to a Mrs.

• With a proper name modified by an adjective denoting the mood of the person described and when this noun is ike focus of communication: (striking features)

I saw an infuriated Jenifer, who started shouting at me the moment I opened the door.

Proper names can be converted into common nouns indicating:

4. Proper names can be converted into common nouns improper indicating

a) concrete objects (a Goya – painting)

b) someone having characteristics of the person named. In this case they take the article according to the general rule of the use of articles with common nouns. (an Othello)

17. The use of articles with place names.

GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES

1.Names of continents, countries, states, cities, and towns are normally used without articles. No article is used either when they have premodifying adjectives describing them from a geographical or historical point of view:

(North) America (modern) France BUT The Hague

+ Names which are expressed by a phrase containing common nouns: the United Kingdom, the USA

+ the Netherlands, the Philippines

2.Geographical regions are traditionally used with the definite article: the Antarctic the Crimea

BUT political and administrative regions with NO article: California, Bavaria

Countries: Lebanon or the Lebanon, Argentina or the Argentine, Ukraine or the Ukraine

3.Geographical names modified by limiting modifiers (a limiting o/-phrase or a restrictive attributive clause) are used with the definite article: Did he quite understand the England of today?

4.The indefinite article is found when a geographical name is modified by a descriptive attribute bringing out a certain aspect:You haven't come to a very cheerful England.

5.Names of water features: oceans, seas, rivers, streams, channels, canals, waterfalls and lakes usually take the

definite article: the Atlantic (Ocean) the Mediterranean Sea BUT: Niagara Falls

6. Names of deserts are generally used with the definite article: the Sahara, the Gobi, the Kara-Kum.

7 .Names of mountain chains and group of islands are used with the definite article: the Alps, the Andes, the Urals. 8. Names of mountain peaks and separate islands, peninsulas are used without articles: Elbrus, Everest.

10. Names of universities where the first part is a place- name usually have two forms: the University of London (whichis the official name) and London University.

OTHER PLACE NAMES

1. Names of streets and parks are generally used without articles:

Oxford Street, Regent Street, Fifth Avenue, 42nd Street, Pall Mall, Piccadilly, Trafalgar Square, Russel Square.

2. Names of theatres, museums, picture galleries, concert halls, cinemas, clubs and hotels tend to be used with the definite article: the Bolshoi Theatre, the Opera House, the Coliseum Theatre; the British Museum.

3. Some grammarians point out a growing tendency not to use articles with names of airports and railway stations:

London Airport, Moscow Airport, Victoria Station

4. Names of ships and boats are used with the definite article: the Titanic, the Sedov

5. Names of newspapers in English are generally used with the definite article: The Times, The Guardian..

Names of magazines and periodicals are used with no article:

6. Names of territories consisting of a word combination in which the last word is a common noun are generally used with the definite article: the Lake District, the Yorkshire Forests, etc.

7. Names of well-known organizations are typically used with the definite article, which they keep when they are abbreviated: the United Nations (the UN), the BBC, the Labour Party.

8. Names of most political or government bodies and institutions have the definite article: the House of Commons.