16. Compounds can also be classified according to the nature of the basis and the interconnection with other ways of word forming: compounds proper and derivational compounds.

Compounds proper are formed by joining together basis built on the stems or on the word forms of independently function words with or without the help of special linking element such as “handy work”, “sportsman”. Compounds proper constitute the bulk of English compounds in all parts of speech; they include both subordinate and coordinative classes, productive and nonproductive patterns.

Derivational compounds or compound-derivatives (long legged, breakdown, absent-mindedness, blue-eyed, golden-haired, broad-shoulderd, lady-killer (сердцеед), film-goer (кинозритель), music-lover, honey-mooner, first-night, late-comer, newcomer, early-riser, evil-doer, luncher-out, goose-flesher (murder story) differ from compounds proper in the nature of basis and the second indeed constituent. They are the words in which the structural integrity of the two free stems is enshured by a suffix referring to the combination as a whole, not to one of its elements.

17. Correlation between compound and free phrases.

There is a regular correlation between the system of free phrases and compounds. Correlation embraces both the structure and the meaning of compound words. It underlies the entire system of productive present-day English composition conditioning the derivational patterns and lexical types of compounds. The structural correlation reveals itself in the morphological character of components range of basis, the order and arrangement. But it’s important to emphasize that correlation relations embrace only minimal non–expended nuclear types of phrases. The bases brought together in compound words are built only on the stems of those parts of speech that may form corresponding word groups. The head of the word group becomes the head member of the compound, so it’s 2-component. The typical structural relations expressed in word groups syntactically are conveyed in compounds only by the nature and order of its bases. Compounds of each part of speech correlate only with certain types of minimal variable phrases.

Semantically correlation reveals itself in the fact that the semantic relations between the components of the compound reflect the semantic relation between the member words in correlated word groups. Correlation should not be understood as converting and actually functioning phrase into a compound word or the existence of an individual word group in actual use as a binding condition for the possibility of a compound correlation is irregular interaction and interdependence of compound words and certain types of free phrases which conditions the potential possibility of appearance of compound words and their structural and semantic type. Thus the fact that there is a potential possibility of individual phrases with the underlining pattern: ex.: as +N., as + Adj.: as white as snow, as red as blood. Possibilities presuppose a potential possibility of compound words of N. + Adj. (snow white) type with their structural and meaning relation of the components pre–conditioned. In this particular case compound adjectives are more typical as a language means conveying the quality based on comparison. Compound words because of the fact that they do not require any explicit way to convey the semantic relationship between the components except the order are of wider semantic range leave more freedom for semantic interpretation and convey mean in a more contrast and concise way. This makes the meaning of compound more flexible and situation of the derived.

11.The term conversion was first used by H. Sweet in his New English Grammar in 1891. Since that time it has been the subject of many linguistic discussion.

Conversion is the process of coining a new word in a different part of speech without adding any derivative element, so that the basic form both of the original and derived words are homonymous.

We don’t have any doubt it’s correct.

We don’t doubt that it’s correct.

My account is overdrawn.

I can’t account for where the money went.

The words formed by conversion differ from the basic ones in their paradigm. Conversion can be described as a morphological way of forming words.

Verbs converted from nouns (denominal verbs).

The semantic relations between the nouns and verbs vary greatly. If the noun refers to some object of reality (animate or inanimate) the converted verb may denote:

Action characteristic of the object: butcher n. – butcher v. to kill animals for food, cut up a killed animal;

Instrumental use of the object: whip n. – whip v. To strike with a whip;

Acquisition or addition of the object: fish n. – fish v. to catch fish;

Deprivation of the object: dust n. – dust v. to remove dust from something.

Nouns converted from verbs (deverbal substantives)

The converted nouns may denote:

Instance of the action: jump n. – v. jump “sudden spring from the ground”

Agent of the action: bore n. – v. bore “a person that bores”

Place of the action: drive n. – v. drive “a path or road along which one drives”

Object or result of the action: peel n. – v. peel “the outer skin of fruit or potatoes taken off”

Modern English vocabulary is extremely rich in conversion pairs. So conversion is a highly productive way of contemporary word-producing in the English language.

A diachronic survey of the present-day stock of conversion pairs reveals that some of them came to being as a result of the disappearance of inflections in the course of the historical development of the English Language due to which two words of different parts of speech coincide in pronunciation.

The English word-stock contains a great many words formed by means of conversion in different periods of its history. There are cases of traditional and occasional conversion. Traditional conversion refers to the accepted use of words which are recorded in dictionaries, e. g. to age, to cook etc. The individual or occasional use of conversion is also very frequent, it serves to bring out the more vivid meaning in a give context only e. g. when his guests had been washed, mended brushed and brandied. The cases of individual conversion do not enter the word-stock of the English language.

12. A diachronic semantic analysis or a conversion pair points out that in the course of time the semantic structure of the base may obtain a new meaning or several meanings under the influence of the meanings of the converted word. The process is called reconversion. If conversion leads to a numerical enlargement of the English vocabulary, reconversion only brings about a new meaning correlated with one of the meanings of the converted word. Reconversion only operates with denominal verbs and deverbal nouns

7. Word Formation is the system of derivative types of words and the process of creating new words from the material available in the language after certain structural and semantic patterns and formulasThere are several types of word formation. There are several types of word formation( derivation - affixation conversion, compounding

7-8 Derivation can be called one of the major one. It consists in making up new words by adding endings to some root morpheme. We can distinguish two types of derivation: affixation and conversion.

All morphemes which are not roots are affixes. In English all the productive affixes are either attached at the end of the stem (suffixes), or at the front of the stem (prefixes).

We can think of a root as a nuclear of the derivation (ex.: uninhabitableness. The stem is “habit”. “In-“ must be added first, then “un-“ in front of the whole formation because “un-“ is attached only to adjectives. The second stage is suffix –“able”. And the final stage is suffix “–ness” which can make a noun from an adjective).

Affixes do not always have as clear meaning as roots.. Derivational suffixes can be living and dead. Dead suffixes are described as those which are no long left in Modern English as component parts of words. They lost independence completely. Not only living affixes possess their ability to form new words. They fall into two basic classes: productive and non – productive affixes.

9.By productive affixes we mean the ones, which take part in deriving new words in this particular period of language development. The best way to identify productive affixes is to look for them among neologisms and so-called nonce-words, i.e. words coined and used only for this particular occasion. (unputdownable thriller)

One should not confuse the productivity of affixes with their frequency of occurrence.

10.PREFIXES

Counting prefixes. Those which in some way quantify the root

a-, an- “Lacking” ex.: immoral

ambi- “both, around” ex.: ambivalent

arch- “ principal high” ex.: archbishop

bi- “twice, double” ex.: bigamist

di- ‘two’ ex.: dioxide

mono- “one” ex.: monograph

muiti- “many” ex.: multiform

oligo- “ few” ex.: oligarchy

omni- “ all” ex.: omnidirectional

pan- “ all” ex.: panorama

poly- “ many” ex.: polygamy

tri- “ three” ex.: triangle

uni- “one” ex.: univocal

The second group of prefixes – involvement prefixes those which say something about the kind of involvement of the participant in the action of the root.

Anti- “opposed or instead” ex.: antisemitic

Auto- “self” ex.: autobiography

Co- (con-) “together” ex.: coexistence

Contra- “against, opposite” ex.: contradiction