3. Try to put these words in the right order and make a sentence.

1. Hydrogen fuel cells/ to generate electricity./ use the world’s most common element

2. The computer can take control of/ can cut the engine or / the car if necessary, and / apply the brakes.

3. Hybrid (mixed) cars combine/ the electric motor / the internal combustion engine and.

4. The definitions of the words are given. Try to guess these words.

car	a rubber ring placed over the rim of a wheel of a road vehicle to provide traction and reduce road shocks
speed	to be relevant, useful, or appropriate
apply	having lost interest in; bored
tiredness	a self-propelled road vehicle designed to carry passengers, esp one with four wheels that is powered by an internal-combustion engine
tyre	the act or quality of acting or moving fast; rapidity

12 Information technology

1. Read and memorize the following words:

distribution	поширення	permit	дозволяти
computer-aided design	автоматизоване проектування	computer-integrated manufacturing	автоматизована система управління виробництвом
three-dimensional	тривимірний	convert	обертити
rapid	швидкий	collaboration	співробітництво
solid model	просторова модель	computer-aided manufacture	виробництво за допомогою комп’ютерів

2. Read and translate the text.

Information technology (IT) is the application of computers to all aspects of technology. In this unit, the focus is on applications in car manufacturing. Computers are involved in every stage of car manufacture, including design, machining, assemble, ordering of parts, quality control, and distribution of the finished vehicle. To test vehicle safety, computers can simulate the effect of a crash test, which is much cheaper than crashing real vehicles. Computers can also simulate different assembly methods so that the best can be put into practice. They allow design to be changed and defects (faults) corrected easily and quickly. They allow design to be customized (manufactured following a customer’s individual specifications).

CAD (Computer-aided design) has replaced working with paper and making models from wood, clay, or polystyrene. CAD programs allow 3-D (three-dimensional) images to be produced on screen. Dimensions can be calculated easily and the forces acting on different parts of the structure can be shown. The data can be sent to a rapid modeling device which will produce a solid model.

Once the design has been approved, the complete CAD file is imported into a CAM (Computer-aided manufacture) program, where the machining operations are planned. This data is then converted into a set of instructions which can be read by a CNC (Computer numerical control) controller. This automates all the machine tools which manufacture the product. This whole computerized process from design to manufacture is known as CADCAM.

The term CIM (computer-integrated manufacturing) includes CADCAM but takes the process even further. In CIM, all aspects of manufacturing including the supply of parts to quality assurance is computer controlled. This permits faster production times, a dramatic decrease in the number of workers required, and a lower risk of human error. CIM also allows manufacturers to move part of their operation to countries where costs are lower. For example, design may take place in one country and manufacturing in another. Where international collaboration involves different national companies in a single project, such as the Airbus, CIM enables parts to be designed and manufactured in different countries then transported to another location for final assembly.

In everyday personal computing, computers are attached to a range of peripherals (external devices). Some of these are input devices ( which feed information into the computer, such as scanner, web camera, joypad, mouse, and so on. A wi-fi mouse communicates wirelessly with the computer). Output devices (which carry information out of the computer) include printers (laser, inkjet, or dot-matrix), and flatscreen monitors. Some peripherals are both input and output, such as voice-over internet protocol (VoIP) phones.