7 Manufacturing

1. Read and memorize the following words:

fat	жир	thin layer	тонкий шар
yeast	дріжджі	ram	повзун
final product	вихідний продукт	piston	поршень
wrap in	обмотувати	hopper	комора, засік
tin	форма для випікання	cap	ковпачок
mass-produced	серійне виробництво	impact	поштовх, вплив

2. Read and translate the text.

Manufacturing means changing raw materials into products using a range of processes. For example, in bread manufacturing, you start with the raw materials: flour, water, yeast, and fat. These materials are changed into a final product: a loaf of bread wrapped in plastic foil. They are changed into the product by a number of processes or actions: for example mixing, cutting, putting into tins, baking, cooling, taking out of tins, spraying, slicing, and wrapping.

In the past, these processes were mainly done manually (by hand), but now manufacturers want to keep costs low, avoid waste, and make high-quality products as quickly as possible. Increasingly these jobs are done automatically, using computer-controlled automation. Food processing is an important area of automated technology. The bread-making factory in this unit has more in common with a car assembly plant or with steel-making than a traditional bakery in the past where bread was made by hand. It runs for 24 hours a day and very little is done by hand. The work force is small so costs are low. A lot of mass-produced food and drink comes from factories like this.

Every type of manufacturing has its own special processes. In metal manufacturing, impact extrusion is a process by which a sheet of metal is pushed or drawn up into shape. Aluminium cans are made in this way. Bonding is joining materials using adhesives. Welding joins metals by heating them to melting point. Plating is applying a thin layer or coat of metal to another metal to improve its appearance or to protect it from corrosion.

In plastics manufacturing, injection moulding is a common way of making plastic items such as bottle tops, caps, and CD covers. The hopper is a container or reservoir which feeds pellets (small pieces) of plastic into the barrel of the machine. The ram is like a piston. It pushes the soft warm plastic along the barrel into the mould. The mould is usually water-cooled to allow the molten plastic to set quickly.

3. The definitions of the words are given. Try to guess these words.

mass-produced	a piston or moving plate, esp one driven hydraulically or pneumatically
flour	to manufacture (goods) to a standardized pattern on a large scale by means of extensive mechanization and division of labour
mixing	to combine or blend (ingredients, liquids, objects, etc.) together into one mass
ram	the process of cooking bread, cakes, etc
baking	a powder, which may be either fine or coarse, prepared by sifting and grinding the meal of a grass, esp wheat