III. Consonants

[ p ] voiceless consonant sound pronounced with aspiration, ex. pen [ pen ]

[ b ] voiced consonant sound, ex. bad [ bæd ]

[ t ] alveolar voiceless consonant sound, ex. tea [ ti: ]

[ d ] alveolar voiced consonant sound, ex. did [ dId ]

[ k ] voiceless consonant sound, ex. cat [ kæt ]

[ g ] voiced consonant sound, ex. get [ get ]

[ f ] voiceless consonant sound, ex. fall [ fɔ:l ]

[ v ] voiced consonant sound, ex. voice [ vɔIs ]

[ s ] voiceless consonant sound, ex. site [ saIt ]

[ z ] voiced consonant sound, ex. zoo [ zu: ]

[ ʃ ] voiced consonant sound, similar to Russian [ щ ], ex. she [ʃi: ]

[ ʒ ] voiced consonant sound, similar to Russian [ ж ], ex. vision [ vIʒn]

[ tʃ ] voiceless consonant sound, similar to Russian [ ч ], ex. cheese [tʃi:z]

[ dʒ ] voiced consonant sound, ex. June [dʒu:n ]

[ θ ] interdental voiceless consonant sound, ex. thin [ θIn ]

[ ð ] interdental voiced consonant sound, ex. then [ ðen ]

[ h ] voiceless consonant sound pronounced with aspiration, ex. how [ haʊ ]

[ m ] voiced consonant sound, ex. man [ mæn ]

[ l ] alveolar voiced consonant sound, ex. leg [ leg ]

[ n ] alveolar voiced consonant sound, ex. no [ nəu ]

[ ŋ ] nasal (носовой) consonant sound, ex. sing [ sIŋ ]

[ r ] voiced consonant sound, ex. red [ red ]

[ j ] voiced consonant sound, similar to Russian [ й ], ex. yes [ jes ]

[ w ] voiced consonant sound, ex. wet [ wet ]

R u l e s of reading

I. Reading of vowels (only stressed vowels*)

*Unstressed vowels are usually pronounced [ə]. Letter e in the unstressed position is often pronounced [ I ].

Type I – a vowel in an open syllable

An open syllable is a syllable which ends in a vowel, for example: sto-ne. According to the 1^st type of reading the English vowels are pronounced in the same way as they are pronounced in the alphabet. Letter e at the end of words is a silent letter, it means it is not pronounced. Letter y at the end of words is pronounced [ i ] as in lady.

a [ eI ] lake o [ əʊ ] hope i time

[ aI ]

e [ i: ] be u [ ju: ] tube y style

Exercise 1. Practice reading the words.

a [ eI ] fame, make, slave, grape, made, fate, rate, fake, cave, flame, basin, baby;

e [ i : ] me, we, be, bee, see, cede, eve, fee, tree, Pete, delete, complete;

o [ əʊ] go, nose, rose, scone, drove, probe, stone, pose, broke, bone, alone, close;

u [ ju:] tube, cube, cute, tulip, due, tune, reduce, fume, mute, music, student, pupil;

i [ aI ] time, lime, slide, smile, kite, pride, dine, drive, lie, die, divine, dice, wine, vine, site;

y [aI ] my, by, bye, dye, rye, try, sly, fly, dry, cry, rely, deny, style, type, reply.

Exercise 2. Read and transcribe the words. Do not forget to put the stress mark if a word has two or more syllables.

Blame, pose, pride, Pete, flame, stone, cry, mute, delete, style, lace, basin, fee, dry, trace, broke, cede, lice, sly, cute, male, bone, like, stroke, gave, music, reply, prime, bane, cone, slide, fume, vine, grave, eve, probe, pupil, life, try.

Exercise 3. Write the words.

[ saId ], [ pəʊz ], [ geIt ], [ raIz ], [ rəʊp ], [ praIm ], [ nəʊ ], [ ‘beIbi ], [ tri: ], [ fi’meIl ], [ maIl ], [ drəʊv ], [ tju:n ], [ straIk ], [ nəʊt ], [ raIp ], [ krəʊn ], [ waIn].

Exercise 4. Read the words and underline those with indicated sounds.

[ aI ] time, mate, be, rise, fly, make, pick, kite, fee, brick, sex, tax, bride, neat.

[ eI ] mile, made, by, model, fame, tune, cave, file, hate, basin, pane, mail, coin.

[ i: ] dine, bee, gate, see, Pete, style, stroke, flow, me, tame, given, copy.