VI. Переведите следующие неопределенно-личные предложения:

1. Известно, что … (to know)

2. Установлено что, … (to determine)

3. Можно сказать, что … (to say)

4. Доказано, что … (to prove)

5. Считают, что … (to think)

6. Продемонстрировали, что … (to demonstrate)

7. Отметили, что … (to note)

8. Обнаружили, что … (to find out)

9. Нельзя это делать (to do)

VII. Прочтите слова, запомните их произношение и дайте русские эквиваленты:

kinesthesia [,kinqs’Tezjq], vestibular [ves’tibjulq], principal [‘prinsipl], special [‘speSql], reflex [‘rJfleks], coordinate [kou’Ldnit], interpret [in’tWprit], membrane [‘membrein], vibration [vQi’breiSqn], receptor [ri’septq], chemical [‘kemikql], pore [pL], cranial [‘kreinjql], odour [‘oudq]

VIII. Выучите новые слова и словосочетания:

set – набор, комплект, ряд

to touch [tAtS] – касаться, прикасаться

touch - осязание

pain [pein] - боль

heat [hJt] – тепло, жара

sensitivity [,sensi’tivity] - чувствительность

to ensure [in’Suq] – обеспечивать, гарантировать

whole [houl} – весь, целый

light [lQit] - свет

sight [sQit] - зрение

retina [‘retinq] - сетчатка

image [‘imiG] – образ, изображение

to turn [tWn] – изменять, превращать, переводить

in its turn – в свою очередь

sound [sQund] - звук

speech [spJtS] - речь

wave – волна, зубец (кардиограммы)

outer ear –[‘Qutq] – наружное ухо

middle ear – среднее ухо

thin - тонкий

eardrum [‘iqdrAm] – барабанная перепонка

hair [hFq] – волос, волосок

cochlea [‘kOkliq] – улитка (уха)

auditory [‘Lditqri] - слуховой

to detect [di’tekt] – открывать, обнаруживать

taste bud – вкусовой сосочек

papilla [pq’pilq] (pl. papillae [pq’pili]) – сосочек, бугорок

tongue [tAN] - язык

to respond [ris’pOnd] – отвечать, реагировать

sweet - сладкий

salty [‘sOlti] - соленый

sour [‘sQuq] - кислый

bitter - горький

to dissolve [di’zOlv] - растворять

saliva [sq’lQivq] - слюна

cilia [‘siliq] - реснички

lobe - доля

perception [pq’sepSqn] – восприятие, ощущение

size - размер

IX. Прочтите и переведите следующие пары слов (глагол – существительное):

to touch – touch, to imagine – image, to speak – speech, to detect – detection, to respond – response, to turn – turn, to heat – heat, to see – sight

X. Прочтите и переведите словосочетания:

a set of sense organs; vision and hearing; heat and cold; taste, smell and touch; to ensure functioning; the whole organism; good sight; to be sensitive to light; to form the image; to interpret speech; different sounds; a thin membrane; auditory nerve; in its turn; taste buds; to respond to different stimuli; to be dissolved by saliva; cranial nerves; mucus membrane; odour molecules; frontal lobe; size, shape and texture

XI. Прочтите и переведите текст а: Text a. Five senses

A human being has a whole set of sense organs: organs of vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch, pain, heat, cold, kinesthesia, vestibular sensitivity. First five organs are considered principal. Special sense organs are located inside the body. Brain receives signals from outside and inside, analyzes them and by means of reflex processes and ensures a coordinated functioning of the whole organism.

Vision is one of the most delicate and complicated senses. It is known that a human being receives 90% of information through vision. About one-fourth of the brain is involved in visual processing, more than any other sense. We can see because of light. Without light there would be no sight. Light reflects of things and then travels to our eyes. The retina has millions of cells that are very sensitive to light. One knows that when an image is formed in the eye upside down. This image is sent to the brain, which receives the message and turns the picture right side up again.

Hearing is considered the most important sense for humans. We can communicate with each other by receiving sounds and interpreting speech. The ear is made up of three parts. Sound travels through the ear in waves. They are received by the cup-shaped outer ear and directed into the middle ear where a thin membrane called eardrum is located. The vibrations hit the eardrum. Small hairs lining the cochlea also begin to vibrate and send a message to the auditory nerve which in its turn sends the message to the brain.

Taste and smell are separate senses with their own receptor organs but they are closely entwined because these two senses act together.

Tastes are detected by special structures – taste buds. It is known that every human has from 5,000 to 10,000 of them. Taste buds are located within papillae mainly on the tongue. It is estimated that each taste bud consists of about 100 receptors that respond to the four types of stimuli – sweet, salty, sour and bitter – from which all tastes are formed. A substance is tasted when chemicals in foods dissolve in saliva , enter the pores on the tongue and come into contact with taste buds. As a result signals are sent to cranial nerves and taste centres in the brain.

Smell receptors are located in the mucus membrane lining the nose. One knows that each cell has several cilia which are stimulated by odour molecules in the air. The impulses from stimulated cells come to the brain’s frontal lobe where smell perception is formed.

Touch is the sense by which we determine the characteristics of objects: size, shape, and texture. We do this through touch receptors in the skin.

TASKS