28. Main prosodic peculiarities of the Declamatory (Artistic or Belles-letter) phonostyle: fiction, drama, poetry.
This intonational style is also called by some as "artistic, acquiredor stage". As we see from these labels, the scholars suggest that this is a highly emotional and expressive intonational style,that is why it needs special training. Attitudinal, volitional and intellectual functions ofintonation arc of primary importance here and serve to appeal to the mind, will and feelings of the listener. Most commonly it is performed through all sorts of image-bearing devices which require rehearsing and professional skills. This intonational style can be heard on the stage, on the screen, in a TV studio or in a classroom during verse speaking and prose readings and recitations. Thus we see that it is always a written form of the language read aloud or recited.
The prosodic organization of such texts will vary greatly, depending on the type of the theatrical performance - whether it is a tragedy,drama or comedy-and, of course, on the social factors - the social andcultural background of the play characters, their relationship, extralin-guistic context, and so on.
In declamatory style the emotional role of intonation increases, there by intonation patterns used for intellectual, volitional and emotional purposes have an equal share. The speaker's aim is to appeal simultaneously to the mind, the will and feelings of the listener by image-bearing devices. Declamatory style is generally acquired by special training and it is used, for instance, in stage speech, classroom recitation, verse-speaking or in reading aloud fiction. ¤ Declamatory Style: used on stage, in TV studio performances, verse or prose reciting.
Description: highly emotional, still depends on the type of prose\poetry. Needs special training.
T
ones:
Scales:
Heads: all types
Loudness:
Tempo:
Pauses:
Depending on the type of poetry\prose and the emotions author demonstrates
We have to be clear that to the declamatory style reading we refer only certain literary (fiction) texts appealing to the readers. The reading of informational and scientific prose has been already described in the previous sections of the chapter. Though there are many things in common, as any reading aloud suggests, the predominance of emotional function in the artistic reading separates this kind of reading from others in a fundamental way.
The declamatory reading displays a great variety of intonation property as regards to the types of written texts. There is almost endless variety in the way writers express themselves; but no matter how pleasurable the way of writing may be, meaning always comes first. In each case style, the way something has been written, must be adapted to suit the subject matter.
It is common knowledge that prose, which describes an action or a series of actions to tell a story, is called narrative, e.g. Though it was nearly midnight when Andrew reached Bryngower, he found Joe Morgan waiting for him, walking up and down with short steps between the closed surgery and the entrance to the house. {A.J. Cronin. The Citadel) On the prosodic level the markers of the declamatory style reading are: 1 Slow tempo, causcd by the lento rate of utterances and prolonged pauses, especially at the passage boundaries.2 Stable rhythm icality.3The use of the falling terminal tones in initial intonation groups, the increase of their range with the emphasis.
29. Dialectology and dialect studies. The linguistic atlas of England and the United States.National pronunciation standards of English in the English-speaking countries.Orthoepic Norms and the choice of the teaching norm.
The four components of the phonetic structure of ant language (phonemic, syllabic, accentual and intonational) constitute its pronunciation. One of the things that everybody knows about languages is that they have different accents. Languages are pronounced differently by people from different geographical places, from different social classes, of different ages and different educational backgrounds. The word "accent" is often confused with dialect. We will use the word "dialect" to refer to a variety of a language which is different from others not just in pronunciation but also in such matters as vocabulary, grammar and word-order. Differences of accent, on the other hand, are pronunciation differences only. Type of British English, most familiar as the accent used by most announcers and newsreaders on serious national and international BBC broadcasting channels, has for a long time been identified by the rather quaint name Received Pronunciation (usually abbreviated to its initials, RP).
In talking about accents of English, the foreigner should be careful about the difference between England and Britain; there are many different accents in England, but the range becomes very much wider if the accents of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are taken into account. Within the accents of England, the distinction that is most frequently made by the majority of English people is between Northern and Southern. This is a very rough division, and there can be endless argument over where the boundaries lie, but most people on hearing a pronunciation typical of someone from Lancashire, Yorkshire or other counties further north would identify it as "Northern".
Differences among accents of English are usually a subject that many students of English find interesting and wish to know more about. For a long time, the study of accents was part of the subject of dialectology, which aimed to identify all the ways in which a language differed from place to place, in its traditional form is principally interested in geographical differences (exploring rural areas, finding elderly speakers).Dialectology in its traditional form is principally interested in geographical differences. Its best-known data-gathering technique has been to send researchers (usually called "field- workers") mainly into rural areas (where the speakers were believed to be less likely to have been influenced by other accents), to find elderly speakers (whose speech was believed to have been less influenced by other accents and to preserve older forms of the dialect) and to use lists of questions to find information about vocabulary and pronunciation, the questions being chosen to concentrate on items known to vary a lot from region to region. Surveys of this kind can provide the basis for manygeneralisations about geographical variation, but they have serious weaknesses, which will be discussed later.Dialect is the variant of a language which is different from not only in phonetics but also in such matters as vocabulary grammar and word-order. Differences between accents are of 2 main sorts: phonetic and phonological.When two accents differ from each other only phonetically, we find the same number of phonemesin both accents, but some of all the phonemes are realised differently. There may also be differences in stress or intonation, but not such as would cause a change in meaning. As an example of phonetic differences at the segmental level, it is said that Australian English has the same set of phonemes and phonemic contrasts as RP, yet Australian pronunciation is so different from RP that it is easily recognised as such. A word of caution should be given here: it is all too easy to talk about such things as "Australian English", and ignore the great variety that inevitably exists within such a large community of speakers.In every language there are some several variants of pronunciation and English has a greater number of them than any other l-ge in the world. The national l-ge had developed on the basis of the London dialect, because London became the center of commerce industry and learning as early as the 14century. Thanks to the economic, political and social factors, London dialect became the literary language of the country and the pronunciation of this dialect became an orthoepic standard. It happened in 1599, when the speech of the court was recognized as the neutral (standard) accent. The wordorthoepic is derived from the Greek wordsorihos (correct) - epos (speech) Thus, by the orthoepic standard we understand the standard, normative, literary pronunciation devoid of any dialectical features. But within the standard pronunciation of a language there may be variants and types which are considered equally correct and acceptable. When such types of standard pronunciation are spread in large regions of the country and are used by educated people there, they may be called regional variants. When a language is the mother tongue of more than one nation, we may speak of national variants or types of pronunciation. The number of native speakers of English in the whole world is estimated more at about 250 mln people, and all the English speaking nations have their own standard variants of English pronunciation. National types: 1) British Isles type2)American type3)Canadian type4) New Zealand type5) Australian type 6) Republic of South Africa type. Varieties of English: English based (British – English English, Welsh E, Scotish E, Northern Ireland E), Irish English, Australian E,New Zealand E. American based (American and Canadian E).These variants may have in their form educated regional and uneducated local types of pronunciation.Pronunciation refers to the way a word or a language is spoken, or the manner in which someone utters a word. If one is said to have "correct pronunciation", then it refers to both within a particular dialect. The pronunciation of American and British English are basically similar, the fundamental sound patterns of BE and AE are far more like each other than they are like the sound of consonants is the same, permissible consonant-clusters and vowel-consonant sequences are similar prosodic combinations of weak and strong stresses, the relation between stress and vowel-length is of the same general type, and so is the basis set of contrasting intonation “tones”.
The Linguistic Atlas of the United States has become a classic resource for linguists and others interested in the English language.Hans Kurath (1891-1992) Hans Kurath, a native of Austria, who immigrated to the United States in 1907, was the leading figure in American geographical linguistics, a field of study dedicated to the identification and mapping of distinctive speech or dialect areas.Kurath's chief research interest was historical linguistics and his primary goal was to use the Linguistic Atlas to reconstruct the evolution of American English from the relatively "pure" forms of English brought to the United States by early settlers to the regional dialects that existed in the contemporary United States.Kurath was convinced that language held a living record of events like the growth of trade and transport systems, urbanization and population movements. By plotting regional differences in vocabulary and pronunciation on maps, Kurath and the other researchers were assembling what they hoped was a visual record of the social processes that had transformed American English over the past 200 years.The results of these interviews were plotted on dozens of maps, each showing the distribution of regional vocabularies, pronunciations and forms of grammar. The Word Geography of the Eastern United States (1949), for instance, contained maps showing areas in which residents said "stoop" instead of "porch" or "pavement" instead of "sidewalk." The teams also compiled their data into regional and national maps showing the isoglosses, or word boundaries, that delimited distinctive speech areas.