12. Write on the pragmatic adaptation of tt

Another broad philosophy towards the question of changing or improving your social skills is what you could call the Pragmatic Adaptation approach. As nearby articles talk about, two other approaches are being true to yourself and not changing, and truly trying to change. None of these philosophies are an All-or-Nothing proposition. Depending on their goals and values each person is going to have their own mix of social areas where they stay true to themselves, legitimately try to change their personality, or adopt a practical attitude of going along to get along. This article will go into detail about the last of those three. The core concept of this approach is that there are aspects of the social world that aren't going to change anytime soon, and that it can just be practical to know a thing or two about handling them. Going against the grain may just cause too much of a hassle. There may be certain social rewards someone feels they can't access if they stay 100% true to themselves.

Some well-known examples are learning to mingle at parties, or getting the hang of making light small talk. A lot of people feel like they don't naturally enjoy these activities, but they've decided it's easier on the whole to learn how to do them. Some other areas where people may be practical are:

• Spending a certain amount of time with friends or co-workers, when they'd naturally want to be alone more often.

• Dressing half-decently

• Knowing how to get by in skills that come up a lot in social situations, like dancing, or playing pool.

• Knowing a thing or two about popular conversation topics (e.g., having a passing knowledge of pop culture or sports).

• Learning interpersonal skills required by their career

13. Write on the main types of translation and their differences

 

Chapter 6. Main types of translation*Basic Assumptions

 Though the basic characteristics of translation can be observed in all translationevents, different types of translation can be singled out depending on the predominant communicative function of the source text or the form of speechinvolved in the translation process. Thus we can distinguish between literary andinformative translation, on the one hand, and between written and oral translation(or interpretation), on the other hand.Literary translation deals with literary texts, i.e. works of fiction or poetry whosemain function is to make an emotional or aesthetic impression upon the reader.Their communicative value depends, first and foremost, on their artistic quality andthe translator's primary task is to reproduce this quality in translation.Informative translation is rendering into the target language non-literary texts, themain purpose of which is to convey a certain amount of ideas, to inform the reader.However, if the source text is of some length, its translation can be listed as literaryor informative only as an approximation. A literary text may, in fact, include some parts of purely informative character. Contrariwise, informative translation may comprise some elementsaimed at achieving an aesthetic effect. Within each group further gradations can bemade to bring out more specific problems in literary or informative translation.Literary works are known to fall into a number of genres. Literary translations may be subdivided in the same way, as each genre calls for a specific arrangement andmakes use of specific artistic means to impress the reader. Translators of prose, poetry or plays have their own problems. Each of these forms of literary activitiescomprises a number of subgenres and the translator may specialize in one or someof them in accordance with his talents and experience. The particular tasks inherentin the translation of literary works of each genre are more literary than linguistic.The great challenge to the translator is to combine the maximum equivalence andthe high literary merit.