9. Write on the role of background information in translation

Many researchers have noted the need to transfer information and reference search ( COI ) in the activities of a professional translator oriented texts ( NN Gavrylenko 2008 ; Klimzo BN , 2003). Of particular significance this kind of work gets on stage professionally focused understanding of foreign language text. F. Plassard notes that pragmatic or special texts often conducted conceptual search to understand what they say in the text, and then understand how and by what means the author achieves this goal (F. Plassard, 2007 , p. 180). However, ICP can be a translator not only at the stage of understanding, but also prior to the transfer (as interpretation ) and in the translation of foreign language text.

According to Belgian researcher A. Hermans , efficiency COI to distinguish professional translator - interpreter from novice (Hermans A., 1991). Novice translators are facing significant challenges , not knowing how to start the ISP , how to limit this search and did not drown in the amount of information received , etc. Such problems arise as a consequence of the fact that effective COI is a cognitive ability that improves with time and practice . Therefore, students should be taught to perform ISP , which is a search of the necessary background information for a full and deep understanding of foreign language professionally oriented text for subsequent translation. 10. Write on the "dynamic equivalence" and the pragmatic value of translation

Dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence are terms for methods of translation coined by Eugene Nida. The two terms have often been understood as fundamentally the same as sense-for-sense translation (translating the meanings of phrases or whole sentences) andword-for-word translation (translating the meanings of individual words in their more or less exact syntactic sequence), respectively, and Nida himself often seemed to use them this way. However, his original definition of dynamic equivalence was rhetorical: the idea was that the translator should translate so that the effect of the translation on the target reader is roughly the same as the effect of the source text once was on the source reader. 11. Write on the translators " extra-translational or "pragmatic super task" 

Words in language are related to certain referents which they designate and to other words of the same language with which they make up syntactic units. These relationships are called semantic and syntactic, respectively. Words are also related to the people who use them. To the users of the language its words are not just indifferent, unemotional labels of objects or ideas. The people develop a certain attitude to the words they use. Some of the words acquire definite implications, they evoke a positive or negative response, they are associated with certain theories, beliefs, likes or dislikes. There are “noble” words like “honour, dignity, freedom“, etc. and “low” words like “infamy, cowardice, betrayal”. Words can be nice or ugly, attractive or repulsive. Such relationships between the word and its users are called “pragmatic”.

The pragmatic implications of a word are an important part of its meaning that produces a certain effect upon the Receptor. Of even greater significance is the pragmatic aspect of speech units. Every act of speech communication is meant for a certain Receptor, it is aimed at producing a certain effect upon him. In this respect any communication is an exercise in pragmatics.

Since the pragmatic effect plays such an important part in communication, its preservation in translation is the primary concern of the translator, though it is by no means an easy task. The pragmatic aspect of translation involves a number of difficult problems.