Lesson 10 Comparing Education Systems of Russia, the usa and the uk

Тема	Новоселова	Агрономия	Животновод-ство	Экономика
				Английский	Элементарный английский
Степени сравнения	___	___	___	___	Unit 4, стр. 44 – 45
Present Simple	Урок 6, стр. 46 – 50	§ 1	___	§ 1	Unit 1, стр. 10 – 13
Формы (to be) в Present Simple	Урок 2, стр. 7 – 8	§ 1	___	§ 1	Unit 1, стр. 10
many – much few – little	Урок 7, стр. 64 – 66	­­­___	___	___	Unit 7, стр. 82 – 83
Герундий	___	§ 8	§ 12	§ 12	___

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст

Comparing the Systems of Education in Great Britain, the usa and Russia

Education is one of the most important tasks in the national economy of a country. The expenditures on education influence all other spheres of life. Unlike Russia, the USA spends 14% of the whole national income on education. But the Russia spends only 1,5% of the whole public expenditures on education. The latter comprises both further and higher education.

Secondary level. The system of secondary education consists of several stages in Great Britain, the USA and Russia. It is equivalent to three in Russia, England and Wales. The first stage – the elementary school – is for the grades from 1 to 4 in Russia. Unlike our country the first stage is the middle school both in England and Wales. This school takes the children from 8 to 14 years old. The Middle school usually contains the junior schools for the children of 8 – 11 years old. The second and the third stage have the same names – Secondary and high school both in Great Britain and Russia. However, contrasting with Great Britain the Secondary school is for the grades from 5 to 9 in Russia. But the same level of education is for the children from 11 to 16 years old both in England and Wales. Compared with Russia the children attend high school from 11 to 18 both in England and Wales. The same level of education is for both the 10^th and the 11^th grades in Russia. So, on the land, in contrast with Great Britain, the whole Secondary education is mandatory in Russia. Unlike Great Britain, the final exams were similar for all in Russia. But the young people may choose the exams of different level in Great Britain. The General Certificate of Education is the standard school-leaving exam. Compared with GCE, both the advanced and the advanced supplementary level-exams are more complicated. Therefore they are for University applicants. Both exams are taken by the pupils in the final year at school. But the students get the right to choose some subjects for their exams in our country nowadays. There are different schools in Great Britain, the USA and Russia. They are classified according to different factors. The first one is the source of financing. In contrast with both Great Britain and the USA, over 90% of children attend a comprehensive school in Russia. These schools are financed either by the State or from the public funds. The second factor is the difference in the curriculum. The Common Nation curriculum was introduced into the system of education in 1989. Qualitative changes occurred in the British system of education in the second half of the 20^th century. The education became more oriented towards the development of useful knowledge. As a result, the specialist schools were founded. There are some other types of schools in Great Britain. Similar with Great Britain, there are schools of different bias in Russia. However the school curricula are based on the same principles. The school year usually starts either at the end of summer or in the beginning of autumn in the different countries. A school year is usually divided into three terms. The first term starts in the beginning of September. There are some holidays in the middle of each term. Both Christmas and autumn holidays last about two weeks.

Pre-school education. Nursery schools are for very little children. Nursery schools include infant schools for 5-7 year-old children in Great Britain. These schools are not compulsory and only 25% of 3-4 year-olds attend them.

Education and training after 16 years old. 16 is an important age for school-leavers. They are to make key decisions about their future lives and careers. There is a number of choices for them.

1. Further education. Unlike Russia a lot of young people want to work after the age of 16 both in Great Britain and the USA. 49% of them either work or seek work. 15% take part in the youth training programme. But a small part of Russian young people are also eager to get a job after the age of 16. They enter either vocational or technical schools.

2. Higher education. It’s very difficult to enter an institution of higher learning. Compared with Russia, the whole system of higher learning is fee-paying both in Great Britain and the USA. As a result, only 335 of children from working-class families were able to receive higher education in 1980s. Second, in comparison with Russia, the students are of elder age both in Great Britain and the USA. Over 50% of students were 25 years old in 1999. Higher education is provided at both Universities and institutes of higher learning. Both of them have the right to award degrees in Great Britain. A student may proceed to the first undergraduate degree in three years of study in Great Britain. It is either Bachelor of Arts or of Science. The latter is received for the achievement in either pure or applied science such as medicine, technology, agriculture. Those with these degrees are known as graduates. After that the graduates work for postgraduate degrees of both Master and Doctor.

Cambridge is both the second oldest University and city in Great Britain. It was founded in 1824. Many great men (such as, Newton, Byron, and Darwin) studied at Cambridge. The great Russian scientist I.P. Pavlov came to Cambridge to receive the degree of Honorary Doctor of Cambridge. There is also a variety of other institutions of higher learning in Great Britain. The education has positive and negative peculiarities, different features and the traits in common in all these countries.

2.

1) Изучить способы выражения идей сходства и различия.

а) сходство:

- … (to be) the same (similar) in terms of …

- like (similar with) …

- both … and …

b) различие:

- … (to be) different (opposite) in terms of …

- (un)like … (compared, contrasting, in contrast) with …

2) Переведите на русский язык глагол to compare.

3) Сравните произношение заимствованного слова контраст и его английских эквивалентов: contrast, contrasting. Обратите внимание на различия в звукопроизношении и местоположении ударения.

4) Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения:

- I like to read adventure stories;

- I don’t like to watch horror films;

- Like higher, further education (to receive) after Secondary one;

- Unlike higher high education (to receive) (at? in?) (the? a? 0?) school.

5) Чем различаются по структуре конструкции из ех. 2 (1) и (3)? При ответе вам следует учесть:

- местоположение рассматриваемого слова во фразе;

- наличие (отсутствие) тех или иных компонентов;

- способы образования отрицания.

6) Как обороты из ех. 2 (1) отличаются друг от друга по грамматической роли? Какие из них употребляются в функции сказуемого, а какие – соединяют однородные члены предложения?

7) Найдите в тексте образцы предложений, содержащие разные способы выражения сходства и различия (см. ех. 2(1).

Заполните примерами из текста таблицу.

Идея	Примеры
	перед подлежащим	в сказуемом	Соединение однородных членов
Сходство
Различие

8) Какие однородные члены предложения соединяет оборот both … and …?

9) Сравните по структуре английские и русские эквиваленты словосочетаний в отличие от, подобно тому, как. Обратите внимание на наличие и отсутствие предлогов в обоих языках.

10) К каким частям речи относятся конструкции в значении в отличие от. Перечислите признаки этих частей речи.

3. Объясните на английском языке значение словосочетания pre-school education. What does the term “pre-school” means?

4. Сравните:

1) а) levels of education (см. лестницу 1). Обратите внимание на различие понятий high / higher education.

Ladder 1