Текст 1

BARRISTERS AND SOLICITORS

The legal profession in England and Wales is made up of barristers and solicitors. Historically, a bright line divided the two branches of the profession. With few exceptions, access to the courts rested solely in the hands of the barrister. The solicitor, in turn, had virtually exclusive access to the lay client. In the 19th Century it was determined that a barrister could act only pursuant to instructions from a solicitor and the barrister was precluded from dealing directly with the client. The solicitor, in turn, selected and instructed the barrister.

The barrister is a lawyer who has been admitted to "plead at the bar." That means that he or she has been called to the bar by the "benchers" of one of the four Inns of Court (Middle Temple, Inner Temple, Gray’s Inn and Lincoln's Inn) and, subject to pupilage requirements, is allowed to appear in court to argue a client's case. Prerequisites to call include attaining a second-class honours degree, attending the Inns of Court School of Law, or other validated Bar Vocational Course provider, for a one year term and passing the "bar final" exams. The call is followed by a one-year pupilage in chambers, where the novice lawyer benefits from association and attendance at court with an experienced barrister.

The requirements for admission to the Bar Vocational Course (BVC) are strict and the course itself is demanding. A pupilage is somewhat similar to an internship in the medical profession and allows the new barrister to observe and assist the "pupil master" in action and, hopefully, learn from the experience. In recent years graduates have found it difficult to secure and finance a pupilage and have experienced even more difficulty in obtaining a "tenancy," i.e., a position in chambers upon completion of pupilage. The pupil can earn nothing for the first 6 months and there is little expectation of significant earnings in the second 6 months. A number of chambers assist pupils with an award of funds, which auguments any earnings the pupil may realize during the second 6 months. Although a number of barristers may make up any particular "set" of chambers, they are prohibited from incorporating or joining together as partners, and each acts as a sole practitioner.

A solicitor, on the other hand, is a lawyer who, after having served under the supervision of a practicing solicitor for two years, and having satisfied other demands of the Law Society, including educational requirements, is admitted to practice by the Master of the Rolls. Solicitors have limited rights to practice before the courts ("rights of access"), but traditionally "instruct" a barrister to appear in court for them. The instructions provide the barrister with necessary information and documents, and outline the tasks which the solicitor wishes the barrister to perform. Following tradition, the instructions and related papers are tied with a colored ribbon, referred to as a "brief" which, in turn, is delivered to the barrister. After review of the instructions, conference(s) with the instructing solicitor and his or her client, and any required legal research, the barrister argues the matter at issue in court. The solicitors' rights of access to the courts have been expanded of late but, generally, a solicitor is considered an "office lawyer" whereas the barrister, who provides opinions to solicitors on difficult points of law, also appears in court.

Considerable change has been made in recent years with respect to the traditional rights of access, i.e., the solicitor's right of access to the courts and the client's right of direct access to the barrister. The Court & Legal Services Act abolished the exclusive rights of barrister access to the higher courts, i.e., the Crown Court (criminal), High Court (civil), Court of Appeal and House of Lords in 1990. After first obtaining certification, solicitors may appear in the higher courts, thus expanding upon the solicitor's historical rights of access to magistrates courts (criminal), county courts (civil) and interlocutory hearings in chambers (private hearings) in the High Court. Relatively few solicitors have sought certification.

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Lawyer	An individual who presents or argues another’s case; one who gives legal advice and pleads the cause of another before a court or tribunal; a counselor.
Barrister	A person admitted to practice law in at least one jurisdiction and authorized to perform criminal and civil legal functions on behalf of clients. These functions include providing legal counsel, drafting legal documents, and representing clients before courts, administrative agencies, and other tribunals.
Advocate	Law enforcement professional who attempts to solve crimes, identify and detain suspects, and prevent future instances of criminal activity.
Notary	In English Law, an attorney who has an exclusive right of argument in all the superior courts.
Forensic expert	A person, who through a regular program of study, is learned in legal matters and has been licensed to practice his or her profession.
Attorney	A scientist from any field (usually a medical professional) who provides testimony to a court or in court.
A criminal investigator	A type of practicing lawyer in England who handles primarily office work.
Solicitor	Someone who has the legal authority to make a document official

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