2. The linguistic Theory of translation.

This Theory is concerned with translation as a form of speech communication establishing contacts bw communications who speak different l-s.

The basis of this Theory is Linguistic in the broadest sense of the World Macro linguistics with all its new branches:

• Psycho-

• Socio-

• Text-

• Communicative linguistic and others..

studying the lg. structure and its functioning in speech and their relationship to mind, culture and society.

The core of the Tr. Th. Is the general Th. of Tr. It is concerned with the fundamental aspects Tr. Replacement of the ST by the TT of the same communicative value is possible because both texts are produced in human speech governed by the same rules, by implying the same relationships b/n lg, reality and the human mind.

The general Th of Tr deals with tr-n universals and is basis for all other theoretical study in this area. It describes what Tr is and what makes it possible. The general Th of Tr describes the basic principles which called good for each and every Tr event (акт перевода). In each particular ………………….. by the common basic factors and by a number of specific variables which stamp from the actual conditions and mode of the tr-r’s work.

2. The general Th of Tr is part of the ling. Th of Tr. Together with special ling. Theories of Tr which study ling. aspects of Tr from a given lg to another given lg and identify major types of tr-n activities and describe the predominant features of each type. They deal with particulars of ………. and genres of texts, the influence of the speech forms and conditions of the existence of the tr-ing process on its character.

The General Th of Tr gives the theoretical basis and definition of the basic principles of Special Tr Th-s. in their turn Special Th-s of Tr specify the suggestions of the General Th in so far as the individual type of Tr are concerned. On the other hand, …………………………… Laws, rules, theories, conceptions of thr Th of Tr.

V. The Th of Tr sets a number of problems:

• to reveal and describe general fundamentals of Tr

• to define Tr as an object of tr-n research

• to point out its differences from other types of lg communication

• to elaborate the fundamentals of Tr activities types

• to reveal the essence of Tr equivalents (eq-ts) as a basis of identical communicative value of the original and tr-ion texts.

• to work out basic principles of establishing special Tr Th-s for different kinds of lg-s.

• to elaborate basic principles of scientific description of the tr-ing process as the actions of the tr-or to transform the original text (ST) to TT.

• to reveal the influence of pragmatic and socioling factors on the Tr process.

• to determine the notion of tr-n standard and work out principles of tr quality and assessment.

Besides general and Special Th of Tr there is one more important brunch of the Th of Tr. It’s connected with the study of ST and TT units which can replace each other in thr tr-ing process. In any 2 lg-s there are pairs of units which are of identical and similar communicative value and which can replace each other in Tr. The communicative value of a lg value depends both on its own semantics and on the way it is used in speech. Therefore Tr eq-ts may be established b/n units occupying dissimilar places in the system of respective lg-s. it-s obvious that a description of Tr eq-ts as opposed to the methods of the General Th of Tr should be bilingual. It should always relate to a definite of lg-s. of particular interest is the brunch of thr Th of Tr which is connected with the tr-ing process itself, that is with the operations required for passing from the ST to the TT.

The study of the Tr-ing process reveals both the tr-or’s general strategy and specific techniques used to solve typical tr-ion problems.

There is one more brunch of the Th of Tr which deals with pragmatic aspects of the Tr process. The communicants involved in interlingual communication speak different lg-s but they also belong to different cultures, have different social and historical background. This fact has a considerable impact on the tr-or’s strategy, because the most perfect Tr may sometimes be partially of fully misunderstood by the receptors of the tr-ion or fail to produce a similar affect upon them. The T-or has to asses the possible communicative effect of the TT and try to ensure an adequate understanding of its message by the receptors. This may necessitate expanding or modifying the original message to make it more meaningful to the members of a different lg community. A further pragmatic adoption may be necessarily if the TT is addressed to some specific social or professional group of people, on the one hand, or if the Tr event has some additional pragmatic purpose.

In some cases the pragmatic value of Tr is the major factor in assessing the quality of the tr-or’s performance. All the brunches of the Th of Tr are concerned with important aspects of Tr’s work ………. and constituent Th-l thoughts of a disputable value.

VI. When describing Tr-ion activities the Th of Tr takes into account the fact that as a lg mediator (посредник) the tr-r can use not only Tr but also different types of adaptive transcoding. The term was introduced by Otto Kade. Adaptive transcoding – the information in order to convey in a different form …….. which is determined by a special task of interlingual communication. During the process of transcoding the lg mediation is oriented on a concrete group of receptors or on the given form of the adaptation of the original information. Unlike the text of Tr, the transcoded text can’t adequately replace the original Tr as the basic type of lg mediation is more than other types of lg mediation determined by ling. factors. A Tr of the foreign original can be represented as the connection of 2 consecutive adaptations. Tr first, and the given adaptation of the given text. Adaptive transcoding may be of 2 types – an abridged Tr and adapted Tr.

An abridged Tr (Ab Tr) is based on the omission in the Tr of some parts of the original text due to moral, poetical and other practical considerations. It is supposed that the original parts to be tr-ed should be rendered by communicatively relevant speech segments in the T lg. though all the original is reproduced in part.

Adapted Tr (Ad Tr) consists in partial simplification and explication of the structure and the contents of the original text during the process of Tr in order to make it excessible to some groups of receptors who do not possess sufficient knowledge and professional or life experience necessary to understand the original adequately. It happens when adult text is tr-ed for a young reader a complicated scientific text is designed for a wide circle of non-professional readers (1) and can be interconnected and created simultaneously in tr-ing the same original text (2). The text is the process of making or creation is called TRANSLATION. The fact of (1) and (2) is usually mentioned.

Ad Tr-ing is characterized by by the adoption of the contents of the original conditioned by a certain a social order. E.g. of Tr-ing: so as to achieve the desirable effect we can take pragm. Adaptation. When tr-ing advertisement – goods to be sold.

An extreme case of such kind of adoption is to create a T lg parallel co-writing (II текст рекламы на языке перевода) which is connected with the source by means of the same advertised goods and the general pragmatic task to course customers to purchase goods.

Ad Tr-ing is realized by means of making different forms of conveying information which are connected with the selection and regrouping of the data contained in the foreign text (such as synopses, abstracts, précis).